Antitumoral ecteinascidin derivatives

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to compounds of the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             wherein: 
             the substituent groups defined by R 1 , R 2  are each independently selected of H, C(═O)R′, C 1 –C 18  alkyl, C 2 –C 18  alkenyl, C 2 –C 18  alkynyl, or aryl; 
             each of the R′ groups is independently selected from the group consisting of H; OH; NO 2 ; NH 2 ; SH; CN; halogen; ═O; C(═O)H; C(═O)CH 3 ; CO 2 H; or C 1 –C 18  alkyl, C 2 –C 18  alkenyl, C 2 –C 18  alkynyl, or aryl, each of which, independently, may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, hydroxy, nitro, azido; alkanoyl, carboxamido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryloxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminoalkyl, carbocylic aryl having 6 or more carbons, and aralkyl; 
             X 2  is OX 1  or N(X 1 ) 2  wherein each X 1  is independently H, C(═O)R′ where R′ is as defined, C 1 –C 18  alkyl, C 2 –C 18  alkenyl, C 2 –C 18  alkynyl, aryl, alkoxy, heterocyclyl, or two X 1  groups together form a cyclic substituent on the nitrogen atom, or X 1  is SO 2 CH 3  when X 2  is OX 1 , or N(X 1 ) 2  is NHCOalkylCOOH, Nilbiotin, NH(aa) y  where aa is amino acid acyl andy is 1, 2 or 3 optionally with a amide terminal group, protected NHCOCH(NH 2 )CH 2 SH, NHCOalkenylaryl substituted with CF 3 , or m-methoxycarbonylbenzoylNH; wherein N(X 1 ) 2  is not NH 2 ; 
             X 3  is selected of OR 1  where R 1  is as defined, CN, (═O), or H; 
             X 4  is—H or C 1 –C 18  alkyl; and 
             X 5  is selected of H, or R 1  where R 1  is as defined; provided that the compound is not ecteinascidin 583 or 597, which are useful for treating tumors.

This application is the National Stage of International Application No.: PCT/GB01/01667, filed on Apr. 12, 2001, which claims the benefit of GB 0009043.1, filed on Apr. 12, 2000; PCT/GB00/01852, filed on May 15, 2000, and GB 0022644.9, filed on Sep. 14, 2000.

The present invention relates to antitumoral ecteinascidin derivatives.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The ecteinascidins are exceedingly potent antitumour agents isolated from the marine tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata. Several ecteinascidins have been reported previously in the patent and scientific literature.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,663 describes pharmaceutical compositions comprising matter extracted from the tropical marine invertebrate, Ecteinascidia turbinata, and designated therein as ecteinascidins, and the use of such compositions as antibacterial, anti-viral, and/or antitumour agents in mammals.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,089,273 describes novel compositions of matter extracted from the tropical marine invertebrate, Ecteinascidia turbinata, and designated therein as ecteinascidins 729, 743, 745, 759A, 759B and 770. These compounds are useful as antibacterial and/or antitumour agents in mammals.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,932 describes ecteinascidins isolated from the Caribbean tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata, which provide in vivo protection against P388 lymphoma, B16 melanoma, M5076 ovarian sarcoma, Lewis lung carcinoma, and the LX-1 human lung and MX-1 human mammary carcinoma xenografts.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,426 describes several ecteinascidins isolated from the Caribbean tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata, which provide in vivo protection against P388 lymphoma, B16 melanoma, M5076 ovarian sarcoma, Lewis lung carcinoma, and the LX-1 human lung and MX-1 human mammary carcinoma xenografts.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,721,362 describes a synthetic process for the formation of ecteinascidin compounds and related structures.

WO 00/69862, from which the present application claims priority, describes the synthesis of ecteinascidin compounds from cyanosafracin B.

The interested reader is also referred to: Corey, E. J., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118 pp. 9202–9203; Rinehart, et al., Journal of National Products, 1990, “Bioactive Compounds from Aquatic and Terrestrial Sources”, vol. 53, pp. 771–792; Rinehart et al., Pure and Appl. Chem., 1990, “Biologically active natural products”, vol 62, pp. 1277–1280; Rinehart, et al., J. Org. Chem., 1990, “Ecteinascidins 729, 743, 745, 759A, 759B, and 770: Potent Antitumour Agents from the Caribbean Tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata”, vol. 55, pp. 4512–4515; Wright et al., J. Org. Chem., 1990, “Antitumour Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids from the Colonial Ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinata”, vol. 55, pp. 4508–4512; Sakai et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992, “Additional antitumour ecteinascidins from a Caribbean tunicate: Crystal structures and activities in vivo”, vol. 89, 11456–11460; Science 1994, “Chemical Prospectors Scour the Seas for Promising Drugs”, vol. 266,pp. 1324; Koenig, K. E., “Asymmetric Synthesis”, ed. Morrison, Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, Fla., vol. 5, 1985,p. 71; Barton, et al., J. Chem Soc. Perkin Trans., 1, 1982, “Synthesis and Properties of a Series of Sterically Hindered Guanidine Bases”, pp. 2085; Fukuyama et al., J. Am Chem. Soc., 1982, “Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis of (+)-Saframycin B”, vol. 104,pp. 4957; Fukuyama et al., J. Am Chem Soc., 1990, “Total Synthesis of (+)-Saframycin A”, vol. 112, p. 3712; Saito, et al., J. Org. Chem., 1989, “Synthesis of Saframycins. Preparation of a Key Tricyclic Lactam Intermediate to Saframycin A”, vol. 54, 5391; Still, et al., J. Org. Chem., 1978, “Rapid Chromatographic Technique for Preparative Separations with Moderate Resolution”, vol. 43, p. 2923; Kofron, W. G.; Baclawski, L. M., J. Org. Chem., 1976, vol. 41, 1879; Guan et al., J. Biomolec. Struc. & Dynam., vol. 10 pp. 793–817 (1993); Shamma et al., “Carbon-13 NMR Shift Assignments of Amines and Alkaloids”, p. 206 (1979); Lown et al., Biochemistry, 21, 419–428 (1982); Zmijewski et al., Chem. Biol. Interactions, 52, 361–375 (1985); Ito, CRC CRIT. Rev. Anal. Chem., 17, 65–143 (1986); Rinehart et al., “Topics in Pharmaceutical Sciences 1989” pp. 613–626, D. D. Breimer, D. J. A. Cromwelin, K. K. Midha, Eds., Amsterdam Medical Press B. V., Noordwijk, The Netherlands (1989); Rinehart et al., “Biological Mass Spectrometry,” 233–258 eds. Burlingame et al., Elsevier Amsterdam (1990); Guan et al., Jour. Biomolec. Struct. & Dynam., vol. 10 pp. 793–817 (1993); Nakagawa et al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 111: 2721–2722 (1989); Lichter et al., “Food and Drugs from the Sea Proceedings” (1972), Marine Technology Society, Washington, D.C. 1973, 117–127; Sakai et al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9017; Garcia-Rocha et al., Brit. J. Cancer, 1996, 73: 875–883; and Pommier et al., Biochemistry, 1996, 35: 13303–13309; Rinehart, K. L., Med. Res. Rev., 2000, 20, 1–27 and I. Manzanares et al, Org. Lett., 2000, 2(16), 2545–2548.

The most promising ecteinascidin is ecteinascidin 743, which is undergoing clinical trials for treatment of cancers. Et 743 has a complex tris(tetrahydroisoquinolinephenol) structure of the following formula (I):

It is currently prepared by isolation from extracts of the marine tunicate Ecteinascidin turbinata. The yield is low, and alternative preparative processes have been sought.

The escteinascidins include a fused system of five rings (A) to (E) as shown in the following structure of formula (XIV):

In ecteinascidin 743, the 1,4 bridge has the structure of formula (IV):

Other known escteinascidins include compounds with a different bridged cyclic ring system, such as occurs in escteinascidin 722 and 736, where the bridge has the structure of formula (V):

escteinascidins 583 and 597, where the bridge has the structure of formula (VI):

and ecteinascidin 594 and 596, where the bridge has the structure of formula (VII):

The complete structure for these and related compounds is given in J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1996) 118, 9017–9023.

Further compounds are known with the fused five ring system. In general, they lack the bridged cyclic ring system which is present in the ecteinascidins. They include the bis(tetrahydroisoquinolinequinone) antitumor-antimicrobial antibiotics safracins and saframycins, and the marine natural products renieramicins and xestomycin isolated from cultured microbes or sponges. They all have a common dimeric tetrahydroisoquinoline carbon framework. These compounds can be classified into four types, types I to IV, with respect to the oxidation pattern of the aromatic rings.

Type I, dimeric isoquinolinequinones, is a system of formula (VIII) most commonly occuring in this class of compounds, see the following table I.

TABLE I Structure of Type I Saframycin Antibiotics

Substituents Compound R^(14a) R^(14b) R²¹ R^(25a) R^(25b) R^(25c) saframycin A H H CN O O CH₃ saframycin B H H H O O CH₃ saframycin C H OCH₃ H O O CH₃ saframycin G H OH CN O O CH₃ saframycin H H H CN OH CH₂COCH₃ CH₃ saframycin S H H OH O O CH₃ saframycin Y₃ H H CN NH₂ H CH₃ saframycin Yd₁ H H CN NH₂ H C₂H₅ saframycin Ad₁ H H CN O O C₂H₅ saframycin Yd₂ H H CN NH₂ H H saframycin Y_(2b) H Q^(b) CN NH₂ H CH₃ saframycin Y_(2b–d) H Q^(b) CN NH₂ H C₂H₅ saframycin AH₂ H H CN H^(a) OH^(a) CH₃ saframycin AH₂Ac H H CN H OAc CH₃ saframycin AH₁ H H CN OH^(a) H^(a) CH₃ safraniycin AH₁Ac H H CN OAc H CH₃ saframycin AR₃ H H H H OH CH₃ ^(a)assignments are interchangeable. ^(b)where the group Q is of formula (IX):

Type I aromatic rings are seen in saframycins A, B and C; G and H; and S isolated from Streptomyces lavendulae as minor components. A cyano derivative of saframycin A, called cyanoquinonamine, is known from Japanese Kokai JP-A2 59/225189 and 60/084,288. Saframycins Y₃, Yd₁, Ad₁ and Yd₂ were produced by S. lavendulae by directed biosynthesis, with appropriate supplementation of the culture medium. Saframycins Y_(2b) and Y_(2b-d) dimers formed by linking the nitrogen on the C-25 of one unit to the C-14 of the other, have also been produced in supplemented culture medium of S. lavendulae. Saframycins AR₁ (=AH₂), a microbial reduction product of saframycin A at C-25 produced by Rhodococcus amidophilus, is also prepared by nonstereoselective chemical reduction of saframycin A by sodium borohydride as a 1:1 mixture of epimers followed by chromatographic separation (the other isomer AH₁ is less polar). The further reduction product saframycin AR₃, 21-decyano-25-dihydro-saframycin A, (=25-dihydrosaframycin B) was produced by the same microbial conversion. Another type of microbial conversion of saframycin A using a Nocardia species produced saframycin B and further reduction by a Mycobacterium species produced saframycin AH¹Ac. The 25-O-acetates of saframycin AH₂ and AH₁ have also been prepared chemically for biological studies.

Type I compounds of formula (X) have also been isolated from marines sponges, see Table II.

TABLE II Structures of Type I Compounds from Marine Sponges

Substituents R^(14a) R^(14b) R²¹ R renieramycin A OH H H —C(CH₃)═CH—CH₃ renieramycin B OC₂H₅ H H —C(CH₃)═CH—CH₃ renieramycin C OH O O —C(CH₃)═CH—CH₃ renieramycin D OC₂H₅ O O —C(CH₃)═CH—CH₃ renieramycin E H H OH —C(CH₃)═CH—CH₃ renieramycin F OCH₃ H OH —C(CH₃)═CH—CH₃ xestomycin OCH₃ H H —CH₃

Renieramycins A–D were isolated from the antimicrobial extract of a sponge, a Reniera species collected in Mexico, along with the biogenetically related monomeric isoquinolines renierone and related compounds. The structure of renieramycin A was initially assigned with inverted stereochemistry at C-3, C-11, and C-13. However, careful examination of the ¹H NMR data for new, related compounds renieramycins E and F, isolated from the same sponge collected in Palau, revealed that the ring junction of renieramycins was identical to that of saframycins. This result led to the conclusion that the formerly assigned stereochemistry of renieramycins A to D must be the same as that of saframycins.

Xestomycin was found in a sponge, a Xestospongia species collected from Sri Lankan waters.

Type II compounds of formula (XI) with a reduced hydroquinone ring include saframycins D and F, isolated from S. lavendulae, and saframycins Mx-1 and Mx-2, isolated from Myxococcus xanthus. See table III.

TABLE III Type II Compounds

Substituents Compound R^(14a) R^(14b) R²¹ R^(25a) R^(25b) R^(25c) saframycin D O O H O O CH₃ saframycin F O O CN O O CH₃ saframycin Mx-1 H OCH₃ OH H CH₃ NH₂ saframycin Mx-2 H OCH₃ H H CH₃ NH₂

The type III skeleton is found in the antibiotics safracins A and B, isolated from cultured Pseudomonas fluorescens. These antibiotics of formula (XII) consist of a tetrahydroisoquinoline-quinone subunit and a tetrahydroisoquinolinephenol subunit.

Where R²¹ is —H in safracin A and is —OH in safracin B.

Saframycin R, the only compound classified as the Type IV skeleton, was also isolated from S. lavendulae. This compound of formula (XIII), consisting of a hydroquinone ring with a glycolic ester side chain on one of the phenolic oxygens, is conceivably a pro-drug of saframycin A because of its moderate toxicity.

These known compounds include the fused system of five rings of the formula (XIV):

In this text, we refer to this ring structure as the fused ecteinascidin five ring system, though it will be appreciated that the rings A and E are phenolic in the ecteinascidins and some other compounds, while in other compounds, notably the saframycins, the rings A and E are quinolic. In the compounds, the rings B and D are tetrahydro, while ring C is perhydro.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides compounds having the fused ecteinascidin five ring system and related to ecteinascidins 583 and 597. In ecteinascidins 583 and 597 the 1,4 bridge has the structure of formula (VIa):

Certain compounds of this invention have the fused five ring system of ecteinascidins and the bridge structure of formula (VIa), with the —NH₂ optionally derivatised. These compounds can be acylated on the —CHNH₂— group present in the formula (VI). Other derivative compounds of this invention comprise those where this —CHNH₂— group is replaced by a group —CHNHX₁ or —C(X₂)₂— where X₁ or X₂ are as defined. The remaining substituents on the fused ecteinascidin five ring system can be the same as those on natural compounds, particularly natural ecteinascidins, or different.

Other compounds of this invention have the fused five ring system of ecteinascidins and the bridge structure of formula (VIb) in which the —NH₂ group on the bridge has been replaced with an —OH group which may be optionally derivatised. These compounds can be acylated on the —CHOH— group present in the formula (VIb). Other derivative compounds of this invention comprise those where this —CHOH— group is replaced by a group —CHOX₁ or —C(X₂)₂— where X₁ or X₂ are as defined. The remaining substituents on the fused ecteinascidin five ring system can be the same as those on natural compounds, particularly natural ecteinascidins, or different.

In the compounds of this invention, the stereochemistry of the bridgehead carbon atom bearing the —OH or —NH₂ group (or substituted derivatives thereof) can be the same as that of the natural compounds, particularly natural ecteinascidins, or different.

In the compounds of this invention, the fused system of five rings (A) to (E) of formula (XIV) can be as in the ecteinascidins, or may be as in other related compounds. Thus the rings A and E can be phenolic or quinolic; the rings B and D are tetrahydro, and ring C is perhydro.

Compounds of this invention exhibit antitumor activity, and the invention provides pharamaceutical compositions of the compounds, along with methods for preparing the compositions and methods of treatment using the compounds or compositions.

The invention also provides new hemisynthetic and synthetic routes to the compounds of this invention.

PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The fused system of five rings (A) to (E) of formula (XIV) is preferably as in the ecteinascidins, and preferably substituted in positions other than 1,4 with naturally occurring substituents.

In one aspect, the present invention provides new compounds of the formula:

wherein:

-   the substituent groups defined by R₁, R₂ are each independently     selected of H, C(═O)R′, substituted or unsubstituted C₁–C₁₈ alkyl,     substituted or unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkenyl, substituted or     unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl;     each of the R′ groups is independently selected from the group     consisting of H, OH, NO₂, NH₂, SH, CN, halogen, ═O, C(═O)H,     C(═O)CH₃, CO₂H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁–C₁₈ alkyl,     substituted or unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkenyl, substituted or     unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl; -   X₂ is OX₁ or N(X₁)₂ wherein the or each X₁ is H, C(═O)R′,     substituted or unsubstituted C₁–C₁₈ alkyl, substituted or     unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈     alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or two X₁ groups may     together form a cyclic substituent on the nitrogen atom; -   X₃ is selected of OR₁, CN, (═O), or H; -   X₄ is —H or C₁–C₁₈ alkyl; and -   X₅ is selected of H, OH, or —OR₁ (wherein OR₁ is as defined above).

In a related aspect, the invention provides compounds of formula:

wherein the substituent groups defined by R₁, R₂, X₃, X₄ and X₅ are as defined; and

-   X₁ is independently selected of H, C(═O)R′, substituted or     unsubstituted C₁–C₁₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈     alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkynyl, substituted or     unsubstituted aryl, or two X₁ groups may together form a cyclic     susbstituent on the nitrogen atom.

Alkyl groups preferably have from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, still more preferably 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, and most preferably 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms. Methyl, ethyl and propyl including isopropyl are particularly preferred alkyl groups in the compounds of the present invention. As used herein, the term alkyl, unless otherwise modified, refers to both cyclic and noncyclic groups, although cyclic groups will comprise at least three carbon ring members. The alkyl groups may be straight chain or branched chain.

Preferred alkenyl and alkynyl groups in the compounds of the present invention have one or more unsaturated linkages and from 2 to about 12 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to about 8 carbon atoms, still more preferably 2 to about 6 carbon atoms, even more preferably 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms. The terms alkenyl and alkynyl as used herein refer to both cyclic and noncyclic groups, although straight or branched noncyclic groups are generally more preferred.

Preferred alkoxy groups in the compounds of the present invention include groups having one or more oxygen linkages and from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, and still more preferably 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, and most preferably 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms.

Preferred alkylthio groups in the compounds of the present invention have one or more thioether linkages and from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, and still more preferably 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. Alkylthio groups having 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms are particularly preferred.

Preferred alkylsulfinyl groups in the compounds of the present invention include those groups having one or more sulfoxide (SO) groups and from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, and still more preferably 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. Alkylsulfinyl groups having 1, 2 3 or 4 carbon atoms are particularly preferred.

Preferred alkylsulfonyl groups in the compounds of the present invention include those groups having one or more sulfonyl (SO2) groups and from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, and still more preferably 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. Alkylsulfonyl groups having 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms are particularly preferred.

Preferred aminoalkyl groups include those groups having one or more primary, secondary and/or tertiary amine groups, and from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, still more preferably 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, even more preferably 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms. Secondary and tertiary amine groups are generally more preferred than primary amine moieties.

Suitable heteroaromatic groups in the compounds of the present invention contain one, two or three heteroatoms selected from N, O or S atoms and include, e.g., coumarinyl including 8-coumarinyl, quinolinyl including 8-quinolinyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl and benzothiazolyl. Suitable heteroalicyclic groups in the compounds of the present invention contain one, two or three heteroatoms selected from N, O or S atoms and include, e.g., tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholino and pyrrolidinyl groups.

Suitable carbocyclic aryl groups in the compounds of the present invention include single and multiple ring compounds, including multiple ring compounds that contain separate and/or fused aryl groups. Typical carbocyclic aryl groups contain 1 to 3 separate or fused rings and from 6 to about 18 carbon ring atoms. Specifically preferred carbocyclic aryl groups include phenyl including substituted phenyl such as 2-substituted phenyl, 3-substituted phenyl, 2,3-substituted phenyl, 2,5-substituted phenyl, 2,3,5-substituted and 2,4,5-substituted phenyl, including where one or more of the phenyl substituents is an electron-withdrawing group such as halogen, cyano, nitro, alkanoyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl and the like; naphthyl including 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl; biphenyl; phenanthryl; and anthracyl.

Substituent groups defined by R₁, R₂, X₁, X₄ and X₅ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, OR′, SH, SR′, SOR′, SO₂R′, NO₂, NH₂, NHR′, N(R′)₂, NHC(O)R′, CN, halogen, ═O, substituted or unsubstituted C₁–C₁₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic.

References herein to substituted R′ groups in the compounds of the present invention refer to the specified moiety that may be substituted at one or more available positions by one or more suitable groups, e.g., halogen such as fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo; cyano; hydroxyl; nitro; azido; alkanoyl such as a fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo: cyano; hydroxyl; nitro; azido; alkanoyl such as a C1–6 alkanoyl group such as acyl and the like; carboxamido; alkyl groups including those groups having 1 to about 12 carbon atoms or from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms and more preferably 1–3 carbon atoms; alkenyl and alkynyl groups including groups having one or more unsaturated linkages and from 2 to about 12 carbon or from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms; alkoxy groups having one or more oxygen linkages and from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms or 1 to about 6 carbon atoms; aryloxy such as phenoxy; alkylthio groups including those moieties having one or more thioether linkages and from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms or from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms; alkylsulfinyl groups including those moieties having one or more sulfinyl linkages and from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms or from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms; alkylsulfonyl groups including those moieties having one or more sulfonyl linkages and from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms or from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms; aminoalkyl groups such as groups having one or more N atoms and from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms or from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms; carbocylic aryl having 6 or more carbons, particularly phenyl (e.g., R being a substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl moiety); and aralkyl such as benzyl.

-   R₁ is preferably C(═O)R′, where R′ is suitably H or substituted or     unsubstituted alkyl, more preferably acetyl. -   R₂ is preferably H or methyl, more preferably methyl.

Typically one of X₁ or X₂ is often hydrogen. X₂, or where permitted X₁ is preferably H; —NHCOalkyl, particularly where the alkyl has up to 16 carbon atoms, such as 1, 4, 7, 15 carbon atoms and may be halosubstituted optionally perhalosubstituted; —NHalkylCOOH particularly where the alkyl has up to 4 carbon atoms; protected —NHCOCH(NH₂)CH₂SH where the NH₂ and/or the SH are protected; —NHbiotin; —NHaryl; —NH(aa)_(y) where aa is an amino acid acyl and y is suitably 1, 2 or 3 and wherein any NH₂ is optionally derivatised or protected, as with an amide terminal group or a Boc group; phthalimido formed —NX₂—; alkyl preferably having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; arylalkenyl, especially cinnamoyl which may be substituted as with 3-trifluoromethyl;

Preferred examples of the group X₂ include NHAc, NHCO(CH₂)₂COOH, NHCOCH(NHAlloc)CH₂SFm, NHCO(CH₂)₁₄CH₃, NHTFA, NHCO(CH₂)₂CH₃, NHCOCH₂CH(CH₃)₂, NHCO(CH₂)₆CH₃, NHBiotin, NHBz, NHCOCinn, NHCO-(p-F₃C)-Cinn, NHCOVal-NH₂, NHCOVal-N-Ac, NHCOVal-N-COCinn, NHCOVal-Ala-NH₂, NHCOVal-Ala-N-Ac, NHCOAla-NH₂, OH, OAc, NHAc, NHCO(CH₂)₂COOH, NHCOCH(NHAlloc)CH₂SFm, NHCOCH(NH₂)CH₂SFm, NPht, NH-(m-CO₂Me)-Bz, NHCO(CH₂)₁₄CH₃, NMe₂, NHTFA, NHCO(CH₂)₂CH₃, NHCOCH₂CH(CH₃)₂, NHCO(CH₂)₆CH₃, NHAlloc, NHTroc, NHBiotin, NHBz, NHCOCinn, NHCO-(p-F₃C)-Cinn, NHCOVal-NH₂, NHCOVal-N-Ac, NHCOVal-N-COCinn, NHCOVal-Ala-NH₂, NHCOVal-Ala-N-Ac, NHCOVal-Ala-N-COCinn, NHCOAla-NH₂, NHCOAla-N-Ac, NHCOAla-N-COCinn, OH, OAc, NHAc, NHCO(CH₂)₂COOH, NHCOCH(NHAlloc)CH₂SFm, Npht, along with similar groups where the number of carbon atoms is varied or the amino acid is changed or another change of this kind is made to give a similar group.

Other preferred examples of the group X₂ include OH, OAc, OCOCF₃, OCOCH₂CH₂CH₃, OCO(CH₂)₆CH₃, OCO(CH₂)₁₄CH₃, OCOCH═CHPh, OSO₂CH₃ along with similar groups where the number of carbon atoms is varied or different substituent groups are introduced or another change of this kind is made to give a similar group.

-   X₃ is preferably OH or CN. -   X₄ is H or Me, preferably Me. -   X₅ is H or C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, preferably H.

In a further, more general aspect of this invention, the compounds are typically of the formula (XVIIa):

or formula (XVIIb):

where

-   R¹ and R⁴ together form a group of formula (VIa) or (VIb):

-   R⁵ is —H or —OH; -   R⁷ is —OCH₃ and R⁸ is —OH or R⁷ and R⁸ together form a group     —O—CH₂—O—; -   R^(14a) and R^(14b) are both —H or one is —H and the other is —OH,     —OCH₃ or —OCH₂CH₃, or R^(14a) and R^(14b) together form a keto     group; and -   R¹⁵ is —H or —OH; -   R²¹ is —H, —OH or —CN;     and derivatives including acyl derivatives thereof especially where     R⁵ is acetyloxy or other acyloxy group of up to 4 carbon atoms, and     including derivatives where the group —NCH₃— at the 12-position is     replaced by —NH— or —NCH₂CH₃—, and derivatives where the —NH₂ group     in the compound of formula (VIa) and the —OH group in the compound     of formula (VIb) are optionally derivatised.

The group R₁ with R₄ can be acylated on the —CHNH₂— or —CHOH— group present in the formulae (VIa and VIb). Other derivative compounds of this invention comprise those where the —CHNH₂ group of VIa is replaced by a group —CBNHX₁ or —C(X₂)₂— or where the —CHOH group of VIb is replaced by CHOX₁ or —C(X₂)₂— where X₁ or X₂ are as defined.

Preferred compounds are of the formula (XVIIb).

Furthermore, in preferred compounds of this invention, R⁷ and R⁸ together form a group —O—CH₂—O—.

The acyl derivatives can be N-acyl or N-thioacyl derivatives thereof, as well as cyclic amides. The acyl groups can illustratively be alkanoyl, haloalkanoyl, arylalkanoyl, alkenyl, heterocyclylacyl, aroyl, arylaroyl, haloaroyl, nitroaroyl, or other acyl groups. The acyl groups can be of formula —CO—R^(a), where R^(a) can be various groups such as alkyl, alkoxy, alkylene, arylalkyl, arylalkylene, amino acid acyl, or heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with halo, cyano, nitro, carboxyalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocycyloxy, alkyl, amino or substituted amino. Other acylating agents include isothiocyanates, such as aryl isothiocyanates, notably phenyl isocyanate. The alkyl, alkoxy or alkylene groups of R^(a) suitably have 1 to 6 or 12 carbon atoms, and can be linear, branched or cyclic. Aryl groups are typically phenyl, biphenyl or naphthyl. Hetercyclyl groups can be aromatic or partially or completely unsaturated and suitably have 4 to 8 ring atoms, more preferably 5 or 6 ring atoms, with one or more heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen.

Without being exhaustive, typical R^(a) groups include alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxyalkyl, arylalkylene, haloalkylarylakylene, acyl, haloacyl, arlyalkyl, alkenyl and amino acid. For example, R^(a)—CO— can be acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, isovalerylcarbonyl, trans-3-(trifluoromethyl)cinnamoylcarbonyl, heptafluorobutyrylcarbonyl, decanoylcarbonyl, trans-cinnamoylcarbonyl, butyrylcarbonyl, 3-chloropropyonylcarbonyl, cinnamoylcarbonyl, 4-methylcinnamoylcarbonyl, hydrocinnamoylcarbonyl, or trans-hexenoylcarbonyl, or alanyl, arginyl, aspartyl, asparagyl, cystyl, glutamyl, glutaminyl, glycyl, histidyl, hydroxyprolyl, isoleucyl, leucyl, lysyl, methionyl, phenylalanyl, prolyl, seryl, threonyl, thyronyl, tryptophyl, tyrosyl, valyl, as well as other less common amino acid acyl groups, as well as phthalimido and other cyclic amides. Other examples may be found among the listed protecting groups.

Compounds wherein —CO—R^(a) is derived from an amino acid and include an amino group can themselves form acyl derivatives. Suitable N-acyl commands include dipeptides which in turn can form N-acyl derivatives.

Preferably R^(14a) and R^(14b) are hydrogen. Preferably R¹⁵ is hydrogen. The O-acyl derivatives are suitably aliphatic O-acyl derivatives, especially acyl derivatives of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and typically an O-acetyl group, notably at the 5-position.

Suitable protecting groups for phenols and hydroxy groups include ethers and esters, such as alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, alkoxyalkoxyalkyl, alkylsilylalkoxyalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, arylthioalkyl, azidoalkyl, cyanoalkyl, chloroalkyl, heterocyclic, arylacyl, haloarylacyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, alyklarylalkyl, alkoxyarylalkyl, nitroarylalkyl, haloarylalkyl, alkylaminocarbonylarylalkyl, alkylsulfinylarylalkyl, alkylsilyl and other ethers, and arylacyl, aryl alkyl carbonate, aliphatic carbonate, alkylsulfinylarlyalkyl carbonate, alkyl carbonate, aryl haloalkyl carbonate, aryl alkenyl carbonate, aryl carbamate, alkyl phosphinyl, alkylphosphinothioyl, aryl phosphinothioyl, aryl alkyl sulphonate and other esters. Such groups may optionally be substituted with the previously mentioned groups in R¹.

Suitable protecting groups for amines include carbamates, amides, and other protecting groups, such as alkyl, arylalkyl, sulpho- or halo-arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkylsilylalkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkylarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, nitroarylalkyl, acylaminoalkyl, nitroaryldithioarylalkyl, dicycloalkylcarboxamidoalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, arylalkenyl, nitroarylalkenyl, heterocyclylalkenyl, heterocyclyl, hydroxyheterocyclyl, alkyldithio, alkoxy- or halo- or alkylsulphinyl arylalkyl, hetercyclylacyl, and other carbamates, and alkanoyl, haloalkanoyl, arylalkanoyl, alkenoyl, heterocyclylacyl, aroyl, arylaroyl, haloaroyl, nitroaroyl, and other amides, as well as alkyl, alkenyl, alkylsilylalkoxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cyanoalkyl, heterocyclyl, alkoxyarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, nitroaryl, arylalkyl, alkoxy- or hydroxy-arylalkyl, and many other groups. Such groups may optionally be substituted with the previously mentioned groups in R¹.

Examples of such protecting groups are given in the following tables.

protection for —OH group ethers abbreviation methyl methoxymethyl MOM benzyloxymethyl BOM methoxyethoxymethyl MEM 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl SEM methylthiomethyl MTM phenylthiomethyl PTM azidomethyl cyanomethyl 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl 2-chloroethyl 2-bromoethyl tetrahydropyranyl THP 1-ethoxyethyl EE phenacyl 4-bromophenacyl cyclopropylmethyl allyl propargyl isopropyl cyclohexyl t-butyl benzyl 2,6-dimethylbenzyl 4-methoxybenzyl MPM or PMB o-nitrobenzyl 2,6-dichlorobenzyl 3,4-dichlorobenzyl 4-(dimethylamino)carbonylbenzyl 4-methylsuflinylbenzyl Msib 9-anthrylmethyl 4-picolyl heptafluoro-p-tolyl tetrafluoro-4-pyridyl trimethylsilyl TMS t-butyldimethylsilyl TBDMS t-butyldiphenylsilyl TBDPS triisopropylsilyl TIPS esters aryl formate aryl acetate aryl levulinate aryl pivaloate ArOPv aryl benzoate aryl 9-fluorocarboxylate aryl methyl carbonate 1-adamantyl carbonate t-butyl carbonate BOC-OAr 4-methylsulfinylbenzyl carbonate Msz-Oar 2,4-dimethylpent-3-yl carbonate Doc-Oar aryl 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate aryl vinyl carbonate aryl benzyl carbonate aryl carbamate dimethylphosphinyl Dmp-OAr dimethylphosphinothioyl Mpt-OAr diphenylphosphinothioyl Dpt-Oar aryl methanesulfonate aryl toluenesulfonate aryl 2-formylbenzenesulfonate protection for the —NH₂ group carbamates abbreviation methyl ethyl 9-fluorenylmethyl Fmoc 9-(2-sulfo)fluroenylmethyl 9-(2,7-dibromo)fluorenylmethyl 17-tetrabenzo[a, c, g, i]fluorenylmethyl Tbfmoc 2-chloro-3-indenylmethyl Climoc benz[f]inden-3-ylmethyl Bimoc 2,7-di-t-butyl[9-(10,10-dioxo-10,10,10,10- DBD-Tmoc tetrahydrothioxanthyl)]methyl 2,2,2-trichloroethyl Troc 2-trimethylsilylethyl Teoc 2-phenylethyl hZ 1-(1-adamantyl)-1-methylethyl Adpoc 2-chlooethyl 1,1-dimethyl-2-chloroethyl 1,1-dimethyl-2-bromoethyl 1,1-dimethyl-2,2-dibromoethyl DB-t-BOC 1,1-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl TCBOC 1-methyl-1-(4-biphenyl)ethyl Bpoc 1-(3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)-1-1-methylethyl t-Burmeoc 2-(2′-and 4′-pyridyl)ethyl Pyoc 2,2-bis(4′-nitrophenyl)ethyl Bnpeoc n-(2-pivaloylamino)-1,1-dimethylethyl 2-[(2-nitrophenyl)dithio]-1-phenylethyl NpSSPeoc 2-(n,n-dicyclohexylcarboxamido)ethyl t-butyl BOC 1-adamantyl 1-Adoc 2-adamantyl 2-Adoc vinyl Voc allyl Aloc or Alloc 1-isopropylallyl Ipaoc cinnamyl Coc 4-nitrocinnamyl Noc 3-(3′-pyridyl)prop-2-enyl Paloc 8-quinolyl n-hydroxypiperidinyl alkyldithio benzyl Cbz or Z p-methoxybenzyl Moz p-nitrobenzyl PNZ p-bromobenzyl p-chlorobenzyl 2,4-dichlorobenzyl 4-methylsulfinylbenzyl Msz 9-anthrylmethyl diphenylmethyl phenothiazinyl-(10)-carbonyl n′-p-toluenesulfonylaminocarbonyl n′-phenylaminothiocarbonyl amides formamide acetamide chloroacetamide trifluoroacetamide TFA phenylacetamide 3-phenylpropanamide pent-4-enamide picolinamide 3-pyridylcarboxamide benzamide p-phenylbenzamide n-phthalimide n-tetrachlorophthalimide TCP 4-nitro-n-phthalimide n-dithiasuccinimide Dts n-2,3-diphenylmaleimide n-2,5-dimethylpyrrole n-2,5-bis(triisopropylsiloxyl)pyrrole BIPSOP n-1,1,4,4-tetramethyldisiliazacyclopentante adduct STABASE ,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3-disilaisoindoline BSB special —NH protective groups n-methylamine n-t-butylamine n-allylamine n-[2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methylamine SEM n-3-acetoxypropylamine n-cyanomethylamine n-(1-isopropyl-4-nitro-2-oxo-3-pyrrolin-3-yl)amine n-2,4-dimethoxybenzylamine Dmb 2-azanorbornenes n-2,4-dinitrophenylamine n-benzylamine Bn n-4-methoxybenzylamine MPM n-2,4-dimethoxybenzylamine DMPM n-2-hydroxybenzylamine Hbn n-(diphenylmethyl)amino DPM n-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)methylamine n-5-dibenzosuberylamine DBS n-triphenylmethylamine Tr n-[(4-methoxyphenyl)diphenyhnethyl]amino MMTr n-9-phenylflurenylamine Pf n-ferrocenylmethylamine Fcm n-2-picolylamine n′-oxide n-1,1-dimethylthiomethyleneamine n-benzylideneamine n-p-methoxybenzylideneamine n-diphenylmethyleneamine n-(5,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-1-cyclohexenyl)amine n-nitroamine n-nitrosoamine diphenylphosphinamide Dpp dimethylthiophosphinamide Mpt diphenylthiophosphinamide Ppt dibenzyl phosphoramidate 2-nitrobenzenesulfenamide Nps n-1-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1,1-diphenyl)ethylsufenamide TDE 3-nitro-2-pyridinesulfenamide Npys p-toluenesulfonamide Ts benzenesulfonamide

A preferred class of compounds of this invention include compounds of formula (XVIIb), where one or more, preferably all of the following conditions are met:

the amino group in the group of formula (VIa) is derivatised;

the hydroxy group in the group of formula (VIb) is derivatised;

-   R⁵ is OR₁; -   R⁷ and R⁸ together form a group —O—CH₂—O—; -   R^(14a) and R^(14b) are both —H; -   R¹⁵ is H; and/or -   R²¹ is —OH or —CN.

Particular ecteinascidin products of this invention include compounds of the formula (XVIII);

where R1 and R4 form a group of formula (VIa or VIb):

-   R²¹ is —H, —OH or —CN, more particularly —OH or —CN;     and acyl derivatives thereof, more particularly 5-acyl derivatives     including the 5-acetyl derivative, and where the —NH₂ group in the     structure of formula (VIa) and the —OH group in the structure of     formula (VIb) are optionally derivatised.

Compounds of the present invention notably with one of two group X₁ can be prepared synthetically from the intermediate compound (47) described in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,721,362, or a similar compound. Thus the present invention provides a process which involves derivatisation of the 1,4 bridge amino group, according to the following reaction scheme:

where X₁ is as defined, and other substituent groups on the molecule can be protected or derivatised as desired or appropriate.

Compounds of this invention notably with the groups X₂ being —OX₂ can be prepared from the intermediate compound (15) described in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,721,362 or a similar compound. Thus, the present invention provides a process which involves derivatisation of the 1,4 bridge amino group, according to the following reaction scheme:

where X₁ is as defined, and other substituent groups on the molecule can be protected or derivatised as desired or appropriate. The reaction may proceed with formation of a substituent —OX₁ where X₁ is hydrogen, and then conversion to a compound where X₁ is another group.

It will be apparent that compounds of this invention may also be prepared by modification of the synthetic steps employed in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,721,362. Thus, for instance, different reactive groups may be introduced at functional positions, for example at the 5- or 18-positions.

A more general route to compounds if this invention is provided, and was first disclosed in WO 00/69862, incorporated herein in full by reference and from which priority is claimed.

A typical process of that WO application concerns method for preparing a compound with a fused ring structure of formula (XIV):

which comprises one or more reactions starting from a 21-cyano compound of formula (XVI):

where:

-   R¹ is an amidomethylene group or an acyloxymethylene group; -   R⁵ and R⁸ are independently chosen from —H, —OH or —OCOCH₂OH, or R⁵     and R⁸ are both keto and the ring A is a p-benzoquinone ring; -   R^(14a) and R^(14b) are both —H or one is —H and the other is H—,     —OCH₃ or —OCH₂CH₃ or -   R^(14a) and R^(14b) together form a keto group; and -   R¹⁵ and R¹⁸ are independently chosen from —H or —OH, or R⁵ and R⁸     are both keto and the ring A is a p-benzoquinone ring.

In particular, such a method can provide a route to the starting materials for the reactions of Schemes I and II, along with related compounds.

Antitumoural activities of these compounds include leukaemias, lung cancer, colon cancer, kidney cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, sarcomas and melanomas.

Another especially preferred embodiment of the present invention is pharmaceutical compositions useful as antitumour agents which contain as active ingredient a compound or compounds of the invention, as well as the processes for their preparation.

Examples of pharmaceutical compositions include any solid (tablets, pills, capsules, granules etc.) or liquid (solutions, suspensions or emulsions) with suitable composition or oral, topical or parenteral administration.

Administration of the compounds or compositions of the present invention may be any suitable method, such as intravenous infusion, oral preparation, intraperitoneal and intravenous preparation.

For the avoidance of doubt, the stereochemistries indicated in this patent specification are based on our understanding of the correct stereochemistry of the natural products. To the extent that an error is discovered in the assigned stereochemistry, then the appropriate correction needs to be made in the formulae given throughout in this patent specification. Furthermore, to the extent that the syntheses are capable of modification, this invention extends to stereoisomers.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED PROCESSES

The compounds of the present invention can be synthetically prepared from the intermediate compounds 47 and 15 described in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,721,362, the compound 36 described in WO 00/69862 and from the secondary products (numbered here as 23 and 24) obtained in some deprotection steps using AlCl₃ of the compound 33 of WO 00/69862.

Compound (1) corresponds to the synthetic intermediate (47) described in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,721,362. Compounds 27 and 28 included in Table IV are described as 35 and 34 in WO 00/69862.

Some of the preferred methods of producing the compound of formula I are described below in the following reaction schemes with examples of typical substituent groups. These typical substituents are not limiting of the invention, and the process is to be understood in the more general sense, without special regard to the identities indicated by the code letters.

Numerous active antitumoral compounds have been prepared from this compounds and it is believed that many more compounds can be formed in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure.

The type of reactions are the following:

-   Methods A, B, C, E and M include different acylation methods with     acid chlorides, anhydrides, acids or sulfonyl chlorides, to obtain     amide or ester bonds. -   Methods D and H involve reductive alkylation reactions between an     aldehyde and 1 or an amine and 5 to give 2m or 3o. -   Method F transforms compound 1 to 2n by reaction with BnBr and     Cs₂CO₃. -   Method G involves the deprotection of methoxymethyl group (MOM) or     MOM/tert-butyloxy carbonyl groups or MOM/allyloxy carbonyl groups     using trimethylchlorosilane (TMSC1) and sodium iodide. -   Methods I (AgNO₃) and J (CuBr) convert CN into OH in position C-21. -   Method K involves the hydrolysis of a carbamate bond using aqueous     trifluoroacetic acid. -   Method L converts a carbonyl group to an alcohol by reduction with     NaCNBH₃ in the presence of acetic acid. With this reaction a new     chiral center is generated. Taking into account steric effects and     spectroscopic data, it seem that the main compound (11) has R     configuration at this center and the secondary product (12*) has S     configuration. On this basis 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 will have R     configuration and 14*, 18* and 22* will have S configuration. These     assignments have been made based on the available spectral data and     as such, in the absence of specific studies to confirm the     assignments, should be considered as only tentative.

Modified processes can be used to prepare other compounds of this invention. In particular the starting material and/or reagents and reactions can be varied to suit other combinations of the substituent groups.

In another aspect, the present invention is directed at the use of a known compound, safracin B, also referred to as quinonamine, in hemisynthetic synthesis.

More generally, the invention relates to a hemisynthetic process for the formation of intermediates, derivatives and related structures of ecteinascidin or other tetrahydroisoquinolinephenol compounds starting from natural bis(tetrahydroisoquinoline) alkaloids.

Suitable preferred starting materials for the hemi-synthetic process include the classes of saframycin and safracin antibiotics available from different culture broths, and also the classes of reineramicin and xestomycin compounds available from marine sponges.

A general formula (XV) for the starting compounds is as follows:

where:

-   R¹ is an amidomethylene group such as     —CH₂—NH—CO—CR^(25a)R^(25b)R^(25c) where R^(25a) and R^(25b) form a     keto group or one is —OH, —NH₂ or —OCOCH₃ and the other is     —CH₂COCH₃, —H, —OH or —OCOCH₃, provided that when R^(25a) is —OH or     —NH₂ then R^(25b) is not —OH, and R^(25c) is —H, —CH₃ or —CH₂CH₃, or     R¹ is an acyloxymethylene group such as —CH₂—O—CO—R, where R is     —C(CH₃)═CH—CH₃ or —CH₃; -   R⁵ and R⁸ are independently chosen from —H, —OH or —OCOCH₂OH, or R⁵     and R⁸ are both keto and the ring A is a p-benzoquinone ring; -   R^(14a) and R^(14b) are both —H or one is —H and the other is —OH,     —OCH₃ or —OCH₂CH₃, or R^(14a) and R^(14b) together form a keto     group; -   R¹⁵ and R¹⁸ are independently chosen from —H or —OH, or R⁵ and R⁸     are both keto and the ring A is a p-benzoquinone ring; and -   R²¹ is —OH or —CN.

A more general formula for these class of compounds is provided below:

wherein the substituent groups defined by R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, OCH₃, CN, ═O, CH₃; wherein X are the different amide or ester functionalities contained in the mentioned natural products; wherein each dotted circle represents one, two or three optional double bonds.

Thus, according to the present invention, we now provide hemisynthetic routes for the production of new and known compounds. The hemisynthetic routes of the invention each comprise a number of transformation steps to arrive at the desired product. Each step in itself is a process in accordance with this invention. The invention is not limited to the routes that are exemplified, and alternative routes may be provided by, for example, changing the order of the transformation steps, as appropriate.

In particular, this invention involves the provision of a 21-cyano starting material of general formula (XVI):

where R¹, R⁵, R⁸, R^(14a), R^(14b), R¹⁵ and R¹⁸ are as defined.

Other compounds of formula (XVI) with different substituents at the 21-position may also represent possible starting materials. In general, any derivative capable of production by nucleophilic displacement of the 21-hydroxy group of compounds of formula (XV) wherein R²¹ is a hydroxy group is a candidate. Examples of suitable 21-substituents include but are not limited to:

-   -   a mercapto group;     -   an alkylthio group (the alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon         atoms);     -   an arylthio group (the aryl group having from 6 to 10 carbon         atoms and being unsubstituted or substituted by from 1 to 5         substituents selected from, for example, alkyl group having from         1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkoxy groups having from 1 to 6 carbon         atoms, halogen atoms, mercapto groups and nitro groups);     -   an amino group;     -   a mono-or dialkylamino (the or each alkyl group having from 1 to         6 carbon atoms);     -   a mono-or diarylamino group (the or each aryl group being as         defined above in relation to arylthio groups);     -   an α-carbonylalkyl group of formula —C(R^(a))(R^(b))—C(═O)R^(c),         where     -   R^(a) and R^(b) are selected from hydrogen atoms, alkyl groups         having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl groups (as defined above         in relation to arylthio groups) and aralkyl groups (in which an         alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms is substituted by an         aryl group a defined above in relation to arylthio groups), with         the proviso that one of R^(a) and R^(b) is a hydrogen atom;     -   R^(c) is selected from a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having         from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl groups (as defined above in         relation to arylthio groups), an aralkyl group (in which an         alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms is substituted by an         aryl group a defined above in relation to arylthio groups), an         alkoxy group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an amino group or         a mono- or dialkylamino group as defined above.

Thus, in a more general aspect, the present invention relates to processes where the first step is to form a 21-deriviative using a nucleophilic reagent. We refer to such compounds as 21-Nuc compounds. Preferred starting material 21-Nuc compounds have the structure of formula (XIV):

where at least one ring A or E is quinolic.

Thus, in addition to the use of 21-cyano compounds, processes using other nucleophile-containing compounds, to produce similar compounds of formula (XVI) wherein the 21-position is protected by another nuclephilic group, a 21-Nuc group, are also envisaged. For example, a 21-Nuc compound of formula (XVI) with an alkylamino substituent at the 21-position can be produced by reacting the compound of formula (XV) wherein R²¹ is a hydroxy group with a suitable alkylamine. A 21-Nuc compound of formula (XVI) with an alkylthio substituent at the 21-position can also be produced by reacting the compound of formula (XV) wherein R²¹ is a hydroxy group with a suitable alkanethiol. Alternatively, a 21-Nuc compound of formula (XVI) with an α-carbonylalkyl substituent at the 21-position can be produced by reacting the compound of formula (XV) wherein R21 is a hydroxy group with a suitable carbonyl compound, typically in the presence of a base. Other routes are available for other 21-Nuc compounds.

The presence of the 21-cyano group is required for some of the end-products, notably ecteinascidin 770 and phthalascidin, while for other end-products it acts as a protecting group which can readily be converted to another substituent, such as the 21-hydroxy group. The adoption of the 21-cyano compound as the starting material effectively stabilises the molecule during the ensuing synthetic steps, until it is optionally removed. Other 21-Nuc compounds can offer this and other advantages.

Preferred starting materials include those compounds of formula (XV) or (XVI) where R^(14a) and R^(14b) are both hydrogen. Preferred starting materials also include compounds of formula (XV) or (XVI) where R¹⁵ is hydrogen. Furthermore, the preferred starting materials include compounds of formula (XV) or (XVI) where ring E is a phenolic ring. Preferred starting materials further include compounds of formula (XV) or (XVI) where at least one, better at least two or three of R⁵, R⁸, R¹⁵ and R¹⁸ is not hydrogen.

Examples of suitable starting materials for this invention include saframycin A, saframycin B, saframycin C, saframycin G, saframycin H, saframycin S, saframycin Y₃, saframycin Yd₁, saframycin Ad₁, saframycin Yd₂, saframycin AH₂, saframycin AH₂Ac, saframycin AH₁, saframycin AH₁Ac, saframycin AR₃, renieramycin A, renieramycin B, renieramycin C, renieramycin D, renieramycin E, renieramycin F, xestomycin, saframycin D, saframycin F, saframycin Mx-1, saframycin Mx-2, safracin A, safracin B and saframycin R. Preferred starting materials have a cyano group in position 21, for the group R²¹.

In a particularly preferred aspect, the invention involves a hemisynthetic process wherein the transformation steps are applied to safracin B:

Safracin B presents a ring system closely related to the ecteinascidins. This compound has the same pentacycle structure and the same substitution pattern in the right-hand aromatic ring, ring E.

The more preferred starting materials of this invention have a 21-cyano group. The currently most preferred compound of the present invention is the compound of Formula 2. This compound is obtained directly from safracin B and is considered a key intermediate in the hemisynthetic process.

Cyanosafracin B by fermentation of a safracin B-producing strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens, and working up the cultured broth using cyanide ion. The preferred strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens is strain A2-2, FERM BP-14, which is employed in the procedure of EP-A-055 299. A suitable source of cyanide ion is potassium cyanide. In a typical work-up, the broth is filtered and excess cyanide ion is added. After an appropriate interval of agitation, such as 1 hour, the pH is rendered alkaline, say pH 9.5, and an organic extraction gives a crude extract which can be further purified to give the cyanosafracin B.

In general, the conversion of the 21-cyano starting compound to an product of this invention involves:

-   a) conversion if necessary of a quinone system for the ring E into     the phenol system -   b) conversion if necessary of a quinone system for the ring A into     the phenol system; -   c) conversion of the phenol system for the ring A into the     methylenedioxyphenol ring; -   d) formation of the bridged spiro ring system of formula (IV), (VI)     or (VII) across the 1-position and 4-position in ring B; and -   e) derivatisation as appropriate, such as acylation.

Step (a), conversion if necessary of a quinone system for the ring E into the phenol system, can be effected by conventional reduction procedures. A suitable reagent system is hydrogen with a palladium-carbon catalyst, though other reducing systems can be employed.

Step (b), conversion if necessary of a quinone system for the ring A into the phenol system is analogous to step (a), and more detail is not needed.

Step (c), conversion of the phenol system for the ring A into the methylenedioxyphenol ring, can be effected in several ways, possibly along with step (b). For example, a quinone ring A can be demethylated in the methoxy substituent at the 7-position and reduced to a dihydroquinone and trapped with a suitable electrophilic reagent such as CH₂Br₂, BrCH₂Cl, or a similar divalent reagent directly yielding the methylenedioxy ring system, or with a divalent reagent such as thiocarbonyldiimidazol which yields a substituted methylenedioxy ring system which can be converted to the desired ring.

Step (d) is typically effected by appropriate substitution at the 1-position with a bridging reagent that can assist formation of the desired bridge, forming an exendo quinone methide at the 4-position and allowing the methide to react with the 1-substituent to bring about the bridged structure. Preferred bridging reagents are of formula (XIX)

where Fu indicates a protected functional group, such as a group —NHProt^(4a) or OProt^(4b), Prot³ is a protecting group, and the dotted line shows an optional double bond.

Suitably the methide is formed by first introducing a hydroxy group at the 10-position at the junction of rings A and B to give a partial structure of formula (XX):

or more preferably a partial structure of formula (XXI):

where the group R″ is chosen for the desired group of formula (IV), (V), (VI) or (VII). For the first two such groups, the group R″ typically takes the form —CHFu-CH₂—SProt³. The protecting groups can then be removed and modified as appropriate to give the desired compound.

A typical procedure for step (d) is provided in U.S. Pat. No. 5,721,362 incorporated by reference. Particular reference is made to the passage at column 8, step (1) and Example 33 of the U.S. patent, and related passages.

Derivatisation in step (e) can include acylation, for instance with a group R^(a)—CO— as well as conversion of the 12-NCH₃ group to 12-NH or 12-NCH₂CH₃. Such conversion can be effected before or after the other steps, using available methods.

By way of illustration, can be transformed into Intermediate 25;

and from this derivative it is possible to introduce a number of cysteine derivatives that can be transformed into compounds of this invention. Preferred cysteine derivatives are exemplified by the following two compounds:

One method of this invention transforms cyanosafracin B into intermediate Int-25 through a sequence of reactions that involves essentially (1) removal of methoxy group placed in ring A, (2) reduction of ring A and formation of methylene-dioxy group in one pot, (3) hydrolysis of amide function placed over carbon 1, (4) transformation of the resulting amine group into hydroxyl group, see scheme V.

The method avoids protection and de-protection of the primary alcohol function at the position 1 in ring B of compound Int-25 using directly a cysteine residue Int-29 to form intermediate Int-27. Cysteine derivative Int-29 is protected in the amino group with β-β-β-trichloroethoxycarbonyl protecting group in order to have compatibility with the existing allyl and MOM groups. Intermediate Int-27 is directly oxidized and cycled. These circumstances, together with a different de-protecting strategy in the later stages of the synthesis makes the route novel and more amenable to industrial development than the process of U.S. Pat. No. 5,721,362.

The conversion of the 2-cyano compound into Intermediate Int-25 usually involves the following steps (see scheme V):

-   formation of the protected compound of Formula Int-14 by reacting     Int-2 with tert-butoxycarbonyl anhydride; -   converting of Int-14 into the di-protected compound of Formula     Int-15 by reacting with bromomethylmethyl ether and     diisopropylethylamine in acetonitrile; -   selective elimination of the methoxy group of the quinone system in     Int-15 to obtain the compound of Formula Int-16 by reacting with a     methanolic solution of sodium hydroxide; -   transforming of Int-16 into the methylene-dioxy compound of Formula     Int-18 by employing the next preferred sequence: (1) quinone group     of compound Int-16 is reduced with 10% Pd/C under hydrogen     atmosphere; (2) the hydroquinone intermediate is converted into the     methylenedioxy compound of Formula Int-17 by reacting with     bromochloromethane and caesium carbonate under hydrogen     atmosphere; (3) Int-17 is transformed into the compound of Formula     Int-18 by protecting the free hydroxyl group as a OCH₂R group. This     reaction is carried out with BrCH₂R and caesium carbonate, where R     can be aryl, CH═CH₂, OR′ etc. -   elimination of the tert-butoxycarbonyl and the methyloxymethyl     protecting groups of Int-18 to afford the compound of Formula Int-19     by reacting with a solution of HCl in dioxane. Also this reaction is     achieved by mixing Int-18 with a solution of trifluoroacetic acid in     dichloromethane; -   formation of the thiourea compound of Formula Int-20 by reacting     Int-19 with phenylisothiocyanate; -   converting compound of Formula Int-20 into the amine compound of     Formula Int-21 by reacting with a solution of hydrogen chloride in     dioxane; -   transforming compound of Formula Int-21 into the N-Troc derivative     Int-22 by reacting with trichloroethyl chloroformate and pyridine; -   formation of the protected hydroxy compound of Formula Int-23 by     reacting Int-22 with bromomethylmethyl ether and     diisopropylethylamine; -   transforming compound of Formula Int-23 into the N-H derivative     Int-24 by reacting with acetic acid and zinc; -   conversion of compound of Formula Int-24 into the hydroxy compound     of Formula Int-25 by reaction with sodium nitrite in acetic acid.     Alternatively, it can be used nitrogen tetroxide in a mixture of     acetic acid and acetonitrile followed by treatment with sodium     hydroxide. Also, it can be used sodium nitrite in a mixture of     acetic anhydride-acetic acid, followed by treatment with sodium     hydroxide.

From intermediate Int-25 the conversion into final intermediate compounds Int-35 or Int-36 of this invention can then proceed as shown in Scheme VI:

-   transforming compound of formula Int-24 into the derivative Int-30     by protecting the primary hydroxyl function with     (S)-N-2,2,2-tricloroethoxycarbonyl-S-(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethyl)cysteine     Int-29; -   converting the protected compound of formula Int-30 into the phenol     derivative Int-31 by cleavage of the allyl group with tributyltin     hydride and dichloropalladium-bis (triphenylphosphine); -   transforming the phenol compound of Formula Int-31 into compound of     formula Int-32 by oxidation with benzeneseleninic anhydride at low     temperature; -   transforming the hydroxy compound of formula Int-32 into the lactone     Int-33 by the following sequence: (1) Reacting compound of formula     Int-32 with 2 eq. of triflic anhydride and 5 eq. of DMSO. (2)     followed by reaction with 8 eq. of diisopropylethylamine. (3)     followed by reaction with 4 eq of t-butyl alcohol (4) followed by     reaction with 7 eq of 2-tert-Butyl-1,1,3,3,tetramethylguanidine (5)     followed by reaction with 10 eq of acetic anhydride; -   transforming the lactone compound Int-33 into hydroxyl compound     Int-34 by removal of MOM protecting group with TMSI; -   cleaving the N-trichloroethoxycarbonyl group of the compound of     formula Int-34 into compound Int-35 by reaction with Zn/AcOH; -   transforming the amino compound Int-35 into the corresponding α-keto     lactone compound Int-36 by reaction with N-methylpyridinium     carboxaldehyde chloride followed by DBU;

The conversion of the Intermediate compound Int-25 into ET-743 using cysteine derivative Int-37 can be made in a similar manner and with the same reagents than with cysteine derivative Int-29 with the exception of transformations (f) and (g). The reaction sequence is exemplified in the following Scheme VII:

It will readily be appreciated that these synthetic routes can readily be modified, particularly by appropriate change of the starting material and reagents, so as to provide compounds of this invention with different fused ring systems or different substituents.

Novel Active Compounds

We have found that compounds of the invention have activity in the treatment of cancers, such as leukaemias, lung cancer, colon cancer, kidney cancer and melanoma.

Thus, the present invention provides a method of treating any mammal, notably a human, affected by cancer which comprises administering to the affected individual a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.

The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical preparations, which contain as active ingredient a compound or compounds of the invention, as well as the processes for their preparation.

Examples of pharmaceutical compositions include any solid (tablets, pills, capsules, granules, etc.) or liquid (solutions, suspensions or emulsions) with suitable composition or oral, topical or parenteral administration, and they may contain the pure compound or in combination with any carrier or other pharmacologically active compounds. These compositions may need to be sterile when administered parenterally.

Administration of the compounds or compositions of the present invention may be by any suitable method, such as intravenous infusion, oral preparations, intraperitoneal and intravenous administration. We prefer that infusion times of up to 24 hours are used, more preferably 2–12 hours, with 2–6 hours most preferred. Short infusion times which allow treatment to be carried out without an overnight stay in hospital are especially desirable. However, infusion may be 12 to 24 hours or even longer if required. Infusion may be carried out at suitable intervals of say 2 to 4 weeks. Pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds of the invention may be delivered by liposome or nanosphere encapsulation, in sustained release formulations or by other standard delivery means.

The correct dosage of the compounds will vary according to the particular formulation, the mode of application, and the particular situs, host and tumour being treated. Other factors like age, body weight, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, condition of the host, drug combinations, reaction sensitivities and severity of the disease shall be taken into account. Administration can be carried out continuously or periodically within the maximum tolerated dose.

The compounds and compositions of this invention may be used with other drugs to provide a combination therapy. The other drugs may form part of the same composition, or be provided as a separate composition for administration at the same time or a different time. The identity of the other drug is not particularly limited, and suitable candidates include:

-   a) drugs with antimitotic effects, especially those which target     cytoskeletal elements, including microtubule modulators such as     taxane drugs (such as taxol, paclitaxel, taxotere, docetaxel),     podophylotoxins or vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine); -   b) antimetabolite drugs such as 5-fluorouracil, cytarabine,     gemcitabine, purine analogues such as pentostatin, methotrexate); -   c) alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustards (such as     cyclophosphamide or ifosphamide); -   d) drugs which target DNA such as the antracycline drugs adriamycin,     doxorubicin, pharmorubicin or epirubicin; -   e) drugs which target topoisomerases such as etoposide; -   f) hormones and hormone agonists or antagonists such as estrogens,     antiestrogens (tamoxifen and related compounds) and androgens,     flutamide, leuprorelin, goserelin, cyprotrone or octreotide; -   g) drugs which target signal transduction in tumour cells including     antibody derivatives such as herceptin; -   h) alkylating drugs such as platinum drugs (cis-platin,     carbonplatin, oxaliplatin, paraplatin) or nitrosoureas; -   i) drugs potentially affecting metastasis of tumours such as matrix     metalloproteinase inhibitors; -   j) gene therapy and antisense agents; -   k) antibody therapeutics; -   l) other bioactive compounds of marine origin, notably the didemnins     such as aplidine; -   m) steroid analogues, in particular dexamethasone; -   n) anti-inflammatory drugs, in particular dexamethasone; and -   o) anti-emetic drugs, in particular dexamethasone.

The present invention also extends to the compounds of the invention for use in a method of treatment, and to the use of the compounds in the preparation of a composition for treatment of cancer.

Cytotoxic Activity

Cell Cultures. Cells were maintained in logarithmic phase of growth in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium, with Earle's Balanced Salts, with 2.0 mM L-glutamine, with non-essential amino acids, without sodium bicarbonate (EMEM/neaa); supplemented with 10% Fetal Calf Serum (FCS), 10⁻² M sodium bicarbonate and 0.1 g/l penicillin-G+streptomycin sulfate.

A simple screening procedure has been carried out to determine and compare the antitumour activity of these compounds, using an adapted form of the method described by Bergeron et al (1984). The tumour cell line employed have been P-388 (suspension culture of a lymphoid neoplasm from DBA/2 mouse), A-549 (monolayer culture of a human lung carcinoma), HT-29 (monolayer culture of a human colon carcinoma) and MEL-28 (monolayer culture of a human melanoma).

P-388 cell were seeded into 16 mm wells at 1×10⁴ cells per well in 1 ml aliquots of MEM 5FCS containing the indicated concentration of drug. A separate set of cultures without drug was seeded as control growth to ensure that cells remained in exponential phase of growth. All determinations were carried out in duplicate. After three days of incubation at 37° C., 10% CO₂ in a 98% humid atmosphere, an approximately IC₅₀ was determined by comparing the growth in wells with drug to the growth in wells control.

A-549, HT-29 and MEL-28 were seeded into 16 mm wells at 2×10⁴ cells per well in 1 ml aliquots of MEM 10FCS containing the indicated concentration of drug. A separate set of cultures without drug was seeded as control growth to ensure that cells remained in exponential phase of growth. All determinations were carried out in duplicate. After three days of incubation at 37° C., 10% CO₂ in a 98% humid atmosphere, the wells were stained with 0.1% Crystal Violet. An approximately IC₅₀ was determined by comparing the growth in wells with drug to the growth in wells control.

-   1. Raymond J. Bergeron, Paul F. Cavanaugh, Jr., Steven J. Kline.     Robert G. Hughes, Jr., Gary T. Elliot and Carl W. Porter.     Antineoplastic and antiherpetic activity of spermidine catecholamide     iron chelators. Biochem. Bioph. Res. Comm. 1984, 121(3), 848–854. -   2. Alan C. Schroeder, Robert G. Hughes, Jr. and Alexander Bloch.     Effects of Acyclic Pyrimidine Nucleoside Analoges. J. Med. Chem.     1981, 24 1078–1083.

Examples of biological activities of the compounds described in the present application are in Table IV (IC₅₀ (ng/mL)) on the following pages.

Compound X₁ X₂ X₃ R₁ P-388 A-549 HT-29 MEL-28 DU-145  4a AcNH— Me OH Ac 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.1  4b F₃CCONH— Me OH Ac 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5  4c CH₃(CH₂)₂CONH— Me OH Ac 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1  4d (CH₃)₂CHCH₂CONH— Me OH Ac 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5  4e CH₃(CH₂)₆CONH— Me OH Ac 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0  4f CH₃(CH₂)₁₄CONH— Me OH Ac 100 100 100 100 100  4g PhCONH— Me OH Ac 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5  4h CinnCONH— Me OH Ac 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5  4i p-F₃C-CinnCONH— Me OH Ac 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0  4k BiotinCONH— Me OH Ac 10 10 10 10 10  4l HO₂CCH₂CH₂CONH— Me OH Ac 100 100 100 100 100  4n BnNH— Me OH Ac 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5  4o PrNH— Me OH Ac 1.0 1.0  4p NH₂-ValCONH— Me OH Ac 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5  4q Ac-N-ValCONH— Me OH Ac 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0  4r CinnCO—N-ValCONH— Me OH Ac 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5  4s NH₂-Ala-ValCONH— Me OH Ac 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0  4t Ac-N-Ala-ValCONH— Me OH Ac 100 100 10 10 10  4u CinnCO—N-Ala-ValCONH— Me OH Ac 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0  4v NH₂-AlaCONH— Me OH Ac 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0  4x CinnCO—N-AlaCONH— Me OH Ac 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0  4y FmSCH₂CH(NHAlloc)CONH— Me OH Ac 50 50 50 50 50 19 HO— Me OH Ac 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 21a AcO— Me OH Ac 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 21c CH₃(CH₂)₂COO— Me OH Ac 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 21e CH₃(CH₂)₆COO— Me OH Ac 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 21f CH₃(CH₂)₁₄COO— Me OH Ac >1000 >1000 21h CinnCOO— Me OH Ac 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 21ll MeSO₃— Me OH Ac 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 22a* *AcO— Me OH Ac 1.0 1.0 27 NH₂ Me CN Ac 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 — 23 NH₂ Me CN H 10 10 24 NH₂ H CN Ac 100 100  3a AcNH— Me CN Ac 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 25 AcNH— Me CN H 10 10 26 AcNH— H CN Ac 100 100  3b F₃CCONH— Me CN Ac 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0  3c CH₃(CH₂)₂CONH— Me CN Ac 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1  3d (CH₃)₂CHCH₂CONH— Me CN Ac 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1  3e CH₃(CH₂)₆CONH— Me CN Ac 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0  3f CH₃(CH₂)₁₄CONH— Me CN Ac >1 · 10³ >1 · 10³ >1 · 10³ >1 · 10³ >1 · 10³  3g PhCONH— Me CN Ac 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1  3h CinnCONH— Me CN Ac 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5  3i p-F₃C-CinnCONH— Me CN Ac 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0  3j PhtN— Me CN Ac 5 5 5 5 5  6 2-MeO₂C—C₆H₄—CONH— Me CN Ac 1 1 1 1 1  3k BiotinNH— Me CN Ac 10 10 5 5 5  3l HO₂C(CH₂)₂CONH— Me CN Ac 100 100 100 100 100  3m (CH₃)₂N— Me CN Ac 10 10 10 10 10  3n BnNH— Me CN Ac 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5  3o PrNH— Me CN Ac 5 5  3p NHr-ValCONH— Me CN Ac 1 1 1 1 1  3q Ac-N-ValCONH— Me CN Ac 1 1 1 1 1  3r CinnCO—N-ValCONH— Me CN Ac 1 1 1 1 1  3s NH₂-Ala-ValCONH— Me CN Ac 1 1 1 1 1  3t Ac-N-Ala-ValCONH— Me CN Ac 10 10 10 10 10  3u CinnCO—N-Ala-ValCONH- Me CN Ac 5 5 1 1 1  3v NH₂-AlaCONH— Me CN Ac 1 1 1 1 1  3w Ac-N-AlaCONH— Me CN Ac 1 1 1 1 1  3x CinnCO—N-AlaCONH— Me CN Ac 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1  3y FmSCH₂CH(NHAlloc)CONH— Me CN Ac 10 10 10 50 50  3z FmSCH₂CH(NH₂)CONH— Me CN Ac 50 50 50 50 50 28 Cl₃CCH₂OCONH— Me CN Ac 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 15 HO— Me CN Ac 5 5 5 5 5 16* *HO— Me CN Ac 10 10 17a AcO— Me CN Ac 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 17b F₃CCOO— Me CN Ac 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 17c CH₃(CH₂)₂COO— Me CN Ac 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 17e CH₃(CH₂)₆COO— Me CN Ac 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 17f CH₃(CH₂)₁₄COO— Me CN Ac >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 17h CinnCOO— Me CN Ac 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 17ll MeSO₃— Me CN Ac 1 1 1 1 — 18a* *AcO— Me CN Ac 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

EXAMPLES Example 1

Method A: To a solution of 1 equiv. of 1 (23 for 25) coevaporated with anhydrous toluene in CH₂Cl₂ (0.08M) under Argon were added 1.2 equiv. of the anhydride. The reaction was followed by TLC and quenched with acid or base, extracted with CH₂Cl₂ and the organic layers dried with Na₂SO₄. Flash chromatography gives pure compounds.

Compound 2a (using Ac₂O as the anhydride): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.77 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.53 (bd, 1H), 5.18 (dd, 2H), 5.02 (d, 1H), 4.58 (ddd, 1H), 4.52 (bs, 1H), 4.35 (d, 1H), 4.27 (s, 1H), 4.19–4.15 (m, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.55 (s, 3H), 3.54–3.43 (m, 2H), 2.93 (bd, 2H), 2.35–2.02 (m, 2H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.89 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 170.5, 168.7, 168.4, 149.7, 148.5, 145.8, 141.0, 140.4, 131.0, 130.5, 125.7, 124.5, 120.3, 117.9, 113.5, 113.4, 102.0, 99.1, 61.4, 60.3, 59.6, 58.8, 55.0, 54.5, 52.1, 41.8, 41.3, 32.6, 23.7, 20.9, 20.2, 16.1, 9.5; ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₅H₄₀N₄O₁₀S: 708.2. Found (M+H⁺): 709.2.

Compound 2b (using (F₃CCO)₂O as the anhydride): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.74 (s, 1H), 6.41 (bd, 1H), 6.05 (dd, 2H), 5.17 (dd, 2H), 5.05 (d, 1H), 4.60 (bp, 1H), 4.54–4.51 (m, 1H), 4.36–4.32 (m, 2H), 4.25–4.19 (m, 2H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.48–3.43 (m, 2H), 2.99–2.82 (m, 2H), 2.46–2.41 (m, 1H), 2.30–2.03 (m, 1H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 168.9, 168.5, 156.3, 155.8, 155.3, 149.3, 148.5, 146.0, 141.2, 140.6, 132.0, 130.2, 124.8, 120.2, 117.9, 113.2, 102.1, 99.2, 61.5, 60.6, 59.7, 59.1, 58.7, 57.5, 54.9, 54.6, 52.9, 42.0, 41.4, 31.6, 23.8, 20.2, 14.1, 9.6; ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₅H₃₇F₃N₄O₁₀S: 762.2. Found (M+H⁺): 763.2.

Compound 2l(using succinic anhydride): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.79 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.63 (bd, 1H), 5.18 (dd, 2H), 5.02 (d, 1H), 4.59–4.53 (m, 2H), 4.35 (d, 1H), 4.28 (s, 1H), 4.21–4.17 (m, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.57 (s, 3H), 3.54–3.44 (m, 2H), 2.92 (bd, 2H), 2.69–2.63 (m, 2H), 2.53–2.48 (m, 2H), 2.38–2.07 (m, 2H), 2.28 (s, 6H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₇H₄₂N₄O₁₂S: 766.2. Found M+H⁺): 767.3.

Compound 25 (from Compound 23 using 1 equiv of Ac₂O as the anhydride): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.59 (s, 1H), 5.97 (dd, 2H), 5.87 (s, 1H), 5.53 (s, 1H), 5.51 (d, 1H), 5.00 (d, 1H), 4.62–4.58 (m, 1H), 4.44 (s 1H), 4.31 (s, 1H), 4.29 (d, 1H), 4.16 (d, 1H), 4.09 (dd, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.54–3.52 (m, 1H), 3.44–3.42 (m, 1H), 2.93–2.91 (m, 2H), 2.46 (dd, 1H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.23 (dd, 1H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.90 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 170.1, 169.0, 148.3, 146.4, 146.0, 143.0, 136.4, 130.7, 129.2, 120.4, 119.0, 118.1, 112.4, 112.3, 107.8, 101.4, 61.1, 60.5, 59.2, 58.8, 54.7, 54.5, 51.6, 43.3, 41.4, 31.4, 23.8, 22.9, 16.2, 8.7; ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₁H₃₄N₄O₈S: 580.2. Found (M+H⁺): 581.3.

Example 2

Method B: To a solution of 1 equiv. of 1 (2p for 2t and 9, and 11 for 13e–f) and 1.5 equiv. of acid coevaporated twice with anhydrous toluene in CH₂Cl₂ (0.05M) under Argon, were added 2 equiv. of DMAP and 2 equiv. of EDC.HCl. The reaction was stirred for 3 h 30 min. After this time was diluted with CH₂Cl₂, washed with brine and the organic layer dried with Na₂SO₄. Flash chromatography gives pure compounds.

Compound 2e (using CH₃(CH₂)₆CO₂H as the acid): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.76 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.50 (bd, 1H), 5.18 (dd, 2H), 5.02 (d, 1H), 4.60 (ddd, 1H), 4.53 (bp, 1H), 4.35 (d, 1H), 4.28 (s, 1H), 4.19 (d, 1H), 4.18 (dd, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.58 (s, 3H), 3.48–3.43 (m, 2H), 2.93 (bd, 2H), 2.29–1.99 (m, 4H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.31–1.23 (m, 10H), 0.89 (t, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 171.9, 170.6, 168.4, 149.6, 148.5, 145.8, 141.0, 140.4, 130.9, 130.5, 125.7, 124.5, 120.4, 117.9, 113.4, 102.0, 99.2, 61.5, 60.2, 59.6, 59.3, 58.7, 57.5, 55.0, 54.5, 51.9, 41.8, 41.4, 36.4, 32.7, 31.7, 29.3, 29.1, 25.4, 23.7, 22.6, 20.3, 16.1, 14.0, 9.6; ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₁H₅₂N₄O₁₀S: 792.3. Found (M+H⁺): 793.3.

Compound 2f (using CH₃(CH₂)₁₄CO₂H as the acid): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.76 (s, 1H), 6.05 (dd, 2H), 5.50 (bd, 1H), 5.18 (dd, 2H), 5.02 (d, 1H), 4.60 (ddd, 1H), 4.56–4.50 (bp, 1H), 4.35 (d, 1H), 4.28 (bs, 1H), 4.20 (d, 1H), 4.18 (dd, 1H), 3.76 (s, 34H), 3.59 (s, 3H), 2H), 2.93–2.92 (bd, 2H), 2.37–2.01 (m, 4H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.60–1.56 (m, 2H), 1.40–1.20 (m, 24H), 0.88 (t, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₉H₆₈N₄O₁₀S: 904.5. Found (M+H⁺): 905.5.

Compound 2g (using PhCO₂H as the acid): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.69–7.66 (m, 2H), 7.57–7.46 (m, 3H), 6.69 (s, 1H), 6.35 (d, 1H), 6.06 (dd, 2H), 5.14 (dd, 2H), 5.07 (d, 1H), 4.76 (dt, 1H), 4.58 (bp, 1H), 4.36–4.33 (m, 2H), 4.24–4.18 (m, 2H), 3.62 (s, 3H), 3.55 (s, 3H), 3.49–3.46 (m, 2H), 2.94 (bd, 2H), 2.62–2.55 (m, 1H), 2.28–1.93 (m, 1H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 3H), 1.93 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 170.5, 168.4, 166.4, 149.3, 148.4, 145.9, 141.1, 140.6, 134.5, 134.2, 131.6, 131.4, 130.5, 128.6, 126.9, 125.2, 124.5, 120.7, 118.0, 113.4, 102.0, 99.2, 61.6, 60.2, 59.8, 59.2, 58.6, 57.4, 55.0, 54.6, 53.2, 41.9, 41.4, 32.9, 23.9, 20.2, 15.7, 9.6; ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₀H₄₂N₄O₁₀S: 770.3. Found (M+H⁺): 771.3.

Compound 2k (using (+)-biotin as the acid): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.78 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 6.00 (s, 1H), 5.80 (s, 1H), 5.39 (bd, 1H), 5.18 (dd, 3H), 4.78 (d, 1H), 4.64–4.51 (m, 3H), 4.34–4.28 (m, 3H), 4.19 (dd, 1H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.57 (s, 3H), 3.47–3.39 (m, 2H), 3.19–3.13 (m, 1H), 3.02–2.74 (m, 4H), 2.28–1.47 (m, 10H), 2.28 (s, 6H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 172.3, 171.3, 165.6, 163.7, 149.6, 148.4, 145.9, 141.0, 140.5, 131.1, 130.7, 125.8, 124.8, 120.2, 118.4, 113.7, 113.3, 102.0, 99.1, 61.5, 61.4, 61.3, 60.0, 59.6, 59.3, 58.4, 57.4, 56.1, 55.2, 54.6, 51.8, 42.2, 41.3, 41.1, 35.2, 32.1, 28.2, 28.1, 25.4, 24.0, 20.3, 16.1, 9.5; ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₃H₅₂N₆O₁₁S₂: 892.3. Found (M+H⁺): 894.1.

Compound 2t (from Compound 2p using Ac-L-alanine as the acid): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.74 (s, 1H), 6.60–6.56 (m, 1H), 6.26 (bt, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.58 (bt, 1H), 5.17 (dd, 2H), 5.00 (d, 1H), 4.64–4.60 (m, 1H), 4.56 (bp, 1H), 4.48 (dt, 1H), 4.35 (d, 1H), 4.29 (s, 1H), 4.20–4.14 (m, 2H), 4.12–4.05 (m, 1H), 3.75, 3.76 (2s, 3H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.47–3.42 (m, 2H), 2.98–2.89 (m, 2H), 2.42–1.98 (m, 3H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.98 (s, 3H), 1.36, 1.33 (2d, 3H), 1.06, 1.03 (2d, 3H), 0.94, 0.93 (2d, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 171.9, 170.2, 169.6, 169.7, 168.5, 149.6, 148.6, 145.9, 141.1, 140.5, 131.8, 130.3, 125.4, 124.4, 120.3, 117.9, 113.4, 102.0, 99.2, 61.5, 60.2, 59.6, 59.4, 59.3, 58.5, 57.8, 57.7, 57.4, 54.9, 54.5, 52.0, 51.9, 48.9, 48.8, 42.0, 41.3, 32.7, 32.2, 32.1, 23.8, 23.1, 23.1, 20.3, 19.2, 19.2, 19.1, 18.4, 17.7, 17.7, 16.2, 9.5. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₃H₅₄N₆O₁₂S: 878.3. Found (M+H⁺): 879.2.

Compound 2w (using Ac-L-alanine as the acid): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.89, 6.77 (2s, 1H), 6.25 (dd, 1H), 6.05 (dd, 2H), 5.72, 5.55 (2bd, 1H), 5.22–5.13 (2dd, 2H), 5.02, 5.01 (2d, 1H), 4.60–4.18 (m, 7H), 3.77, 3.74 (2s, 3H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.48–3.43 (m, 2H), 2.93–2.91 (bd, 2H), 2.42–1.98 (m, 2H), 2.42, 2.37 (2s, 3H), 2.29, 2.28 (2s, 3H), 2.17, 2.15 (2s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.99, 1.97 (2s, 3H), 1.46, 1.22 (2d, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 171.5, 170.1, 169.9, 169.3, 169.2, 168.6, 149.8, 149.4, 148.7, 148.5, 145.9, 141.1, 140.5, 140.4, 132.0, 131.6, 130.6, 130.2, 125.5, 124.9, 124.4, 120.4, 120.2, 117.9, 113.6, 113.4, 102.0, 99.2, 61.6, 61.5, 60.4, 60.3, 59.6, 59.5, 59.4, 59.2, 58.8, 58.3, 57.5, 55.0, 55.0, 54.6, 52.2, 51.8, 48.6, 48.5, 42.1, 42.0, 41.4, 32.5, 32.4, 23.8, 23.7, 23.2, 23.2, 20.3, 19.9, 19.8, 16.0, 15.9, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₈H₄₅N₅O₁₁S: 779.3. Found (M+H⁺): 780.2.

Compound 2y (using FmSCH₂CH(NHAlloc)CO₂H as the acid): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.77–7.67 (m, 4H), 7.42–7.26 (m, 4H), 6.75 (s, 1H), 6.12 (bd, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.97–5.88 (m, 1H), 5.53 (bd, 1H), 5.35–5.21 (m, 2H), 5.15 (dd, 2H), 4.99 (d, 1H), 4.61–4.55 (m, 4H), 4.34 (d, 1H), 4.30 (s, 1H), 4.20–4.17 (m, 4H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.54 (s, 3H), 3.46 (d, 1H), 3.45–3.40 (m, 1H), 3.21–3.14 (m, 1H), 3.04–2.83 (m, 5H), 2.41–2.03 (m, 2H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₅₄H₅₇N₅O₁₂S₂: 1031.3. Found (M⁺): 1032.2.

Compound 7 (using Boc-L-valine as the acid): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.80 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.86 (bd, 1H), 5.15 (dd, 2H), 5.02 (d, 1H), 4.98 (bd, 1H), 4.63–4.60 (m, 1H), 4.55 (bp, 1H), 4.35 (d, 1H), 4.30 (s, 1H), 4.22–4.16 (m, 2H), 3.83 (dd, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.48–3.42 (m, 2H), 2.93–2.90 (m, 2H), 2.41–2.03 (m, 3H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.46 (s, 9H), 1.01 (d, 3H), 0.87 (d, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 170.4, 170.2, 168.5, 165.2, 155.3, 148.6, 145.9, 141.1, 140.5, 131.6, 130.4, 125.5, 124.5, 120.5, 118.0, 113.5, 113.4, 102.0, 99.2, 61.6, 60.0, 59.6, 59.3, 58.4, 57.5, 55.0, 54.6, 52.1, 42.0, 41.4, 32.7, 31.6, 28.3, 23.8, 20.2, 19.1, 17.5, 16.3, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₃H₅₅N₅O₁₂S: 865.4. Found (M+H⁺): 866.3.

Compound 8 (using Boc-L-alanine as the acid): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.81 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.86 (bp, 1H), 5.16 (dd, 2H), 5.03 (bp, 1H), 5.02 (d, 1H), 4.56–4.50 (m, 2H), 4.34 (d, 1H), 4.29 (s, 1H), 4.20–4.15 (m, 2H), 3.98–3.78 (m, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.55 (s, 3H), 3.47–3.43 (m, 2H), 2.91 (bd, 2H), 2.37–2.02 (m, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.46 (s, 9H), 1.37 (d, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 171.5, 170.1, 168.4, 154.6, 149.5, 148.5, 145.8, 141.0, 140.4, 131.3, 130.4, 125.6, 124.4, 120.3, 117.9, 113.3, 101.9, 99.1, 61.4, 60.1, 59.6, 59.2, 58.5, 57.4, 54.9, 54.5, 52.1, 49.9, 41.8, 41.3, 32.4, 28.3, 23.8, 20.2, 19.5, 16.1, 9,5. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₁H₅₁N₅O₁₂S: 837.3. Found (M+H⁺): 838.4.

Compound 9 (using Boc-L-alanine as the acid): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.76 (s, 1H), 6.66 (bd, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.58 (bd, 1H), 5.17 (dd, 2H), 5.01 (d, 1H), 4.99 (bp, 1H), 4.66–4.63 (m, 1H), 4.56 (bp, 1H), 4.35 (d, 1H), 4.29 (s, 1H), 4.19–4.05 (m, 4H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.47–3.42 (m, 2H), 2.92–2.89 (m, 2H), 2.44–2.02 (m, 3H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.41 (s, 9H), 1.32 (d, 3H), 1.03 (d, 3H), 0.93 (d, 3H); ¹³ C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 172.1, 170.2, 169.7, 168.5, 149.7, 148.7, 145.9, 141.0, 140.5, 132.0, 130.2, 125.3, 124.4, 120.3, 117.9, 113.5, 102.0, 99.2, 61.5, 60.2, 59.6, 59.4, 58.5, 57.7, 57.4, 55.0, 54.6, 51.9, 50.2, 42.0, 41.4, 32.7, 32.2, 28.2, 23.8, 20.3, 19.1, 18.1, 17.8, 16.3, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₆H₆₀N₆O₁₃S: 936.4. Found (M⁺): 937.2.

Compound 13e (using 5 equiv. of CH₃(CH₂)₆CO₂H as the acid, 7 equiv. of DMAP and 7 equiv. of EDC.HCl): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.68 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.17 (dd, 2H), 5.02–4.98 (m, 2H), 4.56 (bp, 1H), 4.34 (d, 1H), 4.28 (s, 1H), 4.19 (d, 1H), 4.11 (dd, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.46 (d, 1H), 3.42–3.39 (m, 1H), 2.89–2.87 (m, 2H), 2.32–1.96 (m, 4H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.60–1.55 (m, 2H), 1.32–1.23 (m, 8H), 0.90 (t, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 172.5, 168.6, 167.1, 148.9, 148.2, 145.8, 141.1, 140.6, 130.7, 125.3, 125.1, 124.7, 120.9, 118.1, 113.6, 113.1, 102.0, 99.2, 71.4, 61.5, 60.0, 59.8, 59.2, 58.6, 57.4, 55.0, 54.6, 41.6, 41.5, 33.8, 31.7, 29.1, 28.9, 24.7, 23.9, 22.6, 20.2, 15.9, 14.0, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₁H₅₁N₃O₁₁S: 793.3. Found (M+H⁺): 794.9.

Compound 13f (using 4 equiv. of CH₃(CH₂)₁₄CO₂H as the acid, 6 equiv. of DMAP and 6 equiv. of EDC.HCl): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.68 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.17 (dd, 2H), 5.02–4.98 (m, 2H), 4.56 (bp, 1H), 4.34 (d, 1H), 4.28 (s, 1H), 4.19 (d, 1H), 4.12 (dd, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.57 (s, 3H), 3.46 (d, 1H), 3.45–3.41 (m, 1H), 2.89–2.87 (m, 2H), 2.37–1.96 (m, 4H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 3H), 1.63–1.58 (m, 2H), 1.35–1.23 (m, 24H), 0.88 (t, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 172.6, 168.6, 167.1, 148.9, 148.2, 145.8, 141.1, 140.6, 130.7, 125.3, 125.1, 124.7, 120.9, 118.1, 113.6, 113.1, 102.0, 99.2, 71.4, 61.5, 60.0, 59.8, 59.2, 58.6, 57.4, 55.0, 54.6, 41.6, 41.5, 33.9, 31.9, 31.7, 30.9, 29.7, 29.5, 29.3, 29.3, 29.2, 29.1, 24.7, 23.9, 22.7, 20.2, 15.9, 14.1, 9.6.

Example 3

Method C: To a solution of 1 equiv. of 1 coevaporated twice with anhydrous toluene in CH₂Cl₂ (0.05M) under Argon, were added 1.05 equiv. of phthalic anhydride. After 30 min the reaction was cold to 0° C. and 2.5 equiv. of Et₃N and 1.5 equiv. of ClCO₂Et were added. 5 min later the reaction was warmed to RT and stirred for 7 h. Then it was diluted with CH₂Cl₂, washed with a saturated solution of NaHCO₃ and the organic layer dried with Na₂SO₄. Flash chromatography (hex/EtOAc, 3:2) gives 2d in 85% yield.

Compound 2j: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.91–7.70 (m, 4H), 6.67 (s, 1H), 6.06 (dd, 2H), 5.19 (dd, 2H), 5.05 (d, 1H), 4.64–4.62 (m, 2H), 4.37 (d, 1H), 4.32 (s, 1H), 4.20 (d, 1H), 4.12 (dd, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.58 (s, 3H), 3.50 (d, 1H), 3.41–3.40 (m, 1H), 2.85–2.83 (m, 2H), 2.36–2.11 (m, 2H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.05 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₁H₄₀N₄O₁₁S: 796.2. Found (M+H⁺): 797.2.

Example 4

Method D: To a solution of 1 equiv. of 1 in CH₃CN/CH₂Cl₂ 3:1 (0.025M) under Argon, were added 1 equiv. of formaline solution (37%) and 1 equiv. of NaBH₃CN. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. Then, 2 equiv. of acetic acid were added the solution which turned to orange-yellow was stirred for 1 h 30 min. After this time the reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂, neutralized with NaHCO₃ and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was dried with Na₂SO₄. Flash chromatography gives the pure compound.

Compound 2m: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.66 (s, 1H), 6.03 (dd, 2H), 5.17 (dd, 2H), 4.98 (d, 1H), 4.58 (bp, 1H), 4.32 (d, 1H), 4.25 (s, 1H), 4.15–4.13 (m, 1H), 3.95 (dd, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.54–3.41 (m, 3H), 2.92–2.80 (m, 2H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.17–2.07 (bp, 6H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 3H), 1.86 (dd, 2H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₅H₄₂N₄O₉S: 694.3. Found (M+H⁺): 695.3.

Example 5

Method E: To a solution of 1 equiv. of 1 (3p for 3q–r, 3s for 3u, 3v for 3x, 11 for 13c, 13h, 13ll and 24 for 26) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.08M) under Argon at RT were added 1.1 equiv. of pyridine. Then the reaction was cold to 0° C. and 1.1 equiv of the acid chloride were added. 5 min later the reaction was warmed to RT and stirred for 45 min. Then it was diluted with CH₂Cl₂, washed with a saturated solution of NaCl and the organic layer dried with Na₂SO₄. Flash chromatography gives pure compounds.

Compound 2c (using butyryl chloride): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.76 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.52 (bd, 1H), 5.17 (dd, 2H), 5.02 (d, 1H), 4.61 (ddd, 1H), 4.52 (bp, 1H), 4.34 (dd, 1H), 4.27 (s, 1H), 4.19 (d, 1H), 4.17 (dd, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.47–3.43 (m, 2H), 2.92 (bd, 2H), 2.34–1.98 (m, 4H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.71–1.58 (m, 2H), 0.96 (t, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 171.7, 170.6, 168.4, 149.6, 148.5, 145.8, 141.0, 140.4, 131.0, 130.5, 125.7, 124.6, 120.4, 117.9, 113.4, 102.0, 99.1, 61.5, 60.1, 59.6, 59.2, 58.6, 57.4, 55.0, 54.5, 51.9, 41.8, 41.3, 38.2, 32.7, 23.7, 20.2, 18.8, 16.1, 13.7, 9.5. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₇H₄₄N₄O₁₀S: 736.3. Found (M+H⁺): 737.2.

Compound 2d (using isovaleryl chloride): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.76 (s, 1H), 6.05 (dd, 2H), 5.50 (bd, 1H), 5.17 (dd, 2H), 5.02 (d, 1H), 4.63 (ddd, 1H), 4.53 (bp, 1H), 4.35 (dd, 1H), 4.28 (s, 1H), 4.20 (d, 1H), 4.18 (dd, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.47–3.43 (m, 2H), 2.92 (bd, 2H), 2.30–1.92 (m, 5H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 0.99 (d, 3H), 0.93 (d, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 171.3, 170.6, 168.4, 149.6, 148.5, 141.0, 140.5, 130.9, 130.5, 125.7, 124.6, 120.4, 118.0, 113.5, 113.4, 102.0, 99.2, 61.5, 60.1, 59.6, 59.3, 58.6, 57.5, 55.0, 54.6, 51.8, 45.6, 41.9, 41.4, 31.8, 25.8, 23.8, 22.5, 22.4, 20.2, 16.3, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₈H₄₆N₄O₁₀S: 750.3. Found (M+H⁺): 751.3.

Compound 2h (using cinnamoyl chloride): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.61 (d, 1H), 7.55–7.51 (m, 2H), 7.44–7.37 (m, 3H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 6.24 (d, 1H), 6.05 (dd, 2H), 5.72 (d, 1H), 5.16 (dd, 2H), 5.05 (d, 1H), 4.71 (ddd, 1H), 4.54 (bp, 1H), 4.35 (dd, 1H), 4.29 (s, 1H), 4.22–4.17 (m, 2H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.48–3.44 (m, 2H), 2.97–2.95 (m, 2H), 2.51–2.45 (m, 1H), 2.27–2.03 (m, 1H), 2.27 (s, 6H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 170.5, 168.4, 164.5, 149.7, 148.5, 145.8, 142.1, 141.0, 140.4, 134.7, 131.1, 130.5, 129.8, 128.8, 127.9, 125.5, 124.4, 120.4, 119.7, 118.0, 113.4, 113.3, 102.0, 99.1, 61.4, 60.3, 59.6, 59.2, 58.8, 57.4, 54.9, 54.5, 52.6, 41.7, 41.4, 32.7, 23.8, 20.2, 16.3, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₂H₄₄N₄O₁₀S: 796.3. Found (M+H⁺): 797.2.

Compound 2i (using trans-3-(trifluoromethyl)-cinnamoyl chloride): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.82–7.51 (m, 5H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 6.29 (d, 1H), 6.05 (dd, 2H), 5.75 (d, 1H), 5.17 (dd, 2H), 5.05 (d, 1H), 4.73–4.69 (m, 1H), 4.55 (bp, 1H), 4.36 (d, 1H), 4.39 (s, 1H), 4.23–4.18 (m, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.57 (s, 3H), 3.48–3.44 (m, 2H), 2.96 (bd, 2H), 2.49–2.44 (m, 1H), 2.27–2.04 (m, 1H), 2.27 (s, 6H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 170.3, 168.4, 163.8, 149.7, 148.5, 145.9, 141.1, 140.5, 135.5, 134.6, 131.6, 131.0, 130.6, 129.5, 126.3, 126.2, 125.6, 124.4, 123.7, 123.6, 121.5, 120.3, 117.9, 113.5, 113.3, 102.0, 99.2, 61.4, 60.4, 59.6, 59.2, 58.9, 57.5, 54.9, 54.5, 52.6, 41.8, 41.4, 32.6, 23.8, 20.3, 16.2, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₃H₄₃N₄F₃O₁₀S: 864.3. Found (M+H⁺): 865.0.

Compound 3q (from Compound 3p using acetyl chloride): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.54 (s, 11H), 6.08 (d, 1H), 6.05 (dd, 2H), 5.81 (s, 1H), 5.59 (d, 1H), 5.02 (d, 1H), 4.67 (dt, 1H), 4.58 (bp, 1H), 4.29 (s, 1H), 4.26 (dd, 1H), 4.21–4.16 (m, 1H), 4.09 (dd, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.45–3.42 (m, 2H), 2.91–2.88 (m, 2H), 2.49 (s, 3H), 2.29–1.98 (m, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.98 (s, 3H), 1.06 (d, 3H), 0.96 (d, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 170.2, 169.5, 168.6, 148.1, 145.9, 143.3, 141.1, 140.4, 130.4, 130.1, 120.4, 120.2, 118.5, 118.0, 113.5, 102.0, 61.4, 60.4, 59.3, 58.8, 57.7, 54.7, 54.6, 51.8, 42.0, 41.5, 32.7, 32.3, 23.8, 23.3, 20.5, 19.1, 18.0, 16.2, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₈H₄₅N₅O₁₀S: 763.3. Found (M+H⁺): 764.3.

Compound 3r (from Compound 3p using cinnamoyl chloride): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.59 (d, 1H), 7.50–7.46 (m, 2H), 7.37–7.34 (m, 3H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 6.42 (d, 1H), 6.30 (d, 1H), 6.05 (dd, 2H), 5.81 (s, 1H), 5.64 (d, 1H), 5.03 (d, 1H), 4.70–4.67 (m, 1H), 4.58 (bp, 1H), 4.30–4.24 (m, 3H), 4.21–4.17 (m, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.45 (bd, 2H), 2.92–2.89 (m, 2H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 2.28–2.03 (m, 3H) 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.10 (d, 3H), 1.00 (d, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 170.2, 170.1, 169.4, 168.5, 165.3, 148.1, 145.9, 143.4, 141.2, 140.4, 134.8, 130.5, 130.1, 129.7, 128.8, 127.8, 120.6, 120.4, 120.2, 118.5, 118.0, 113.5, 113.5, 102.0, 61.4, 60.4, 59.4, 58.9, 57.7, 54.7, 54.6, 51.9, 42.0, 41.5, 32.7, 23.8, 20.5, 19.2, 18.0, 16.4, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₅H₄₉N₅O₁₀S: 851.3. Found (M+H⁺): 852.3.

Compound 3u (from Compound 3s using cinnamoyl chloride): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.63 (d, 1H), 7.50–7.47 (m, 2H), 7.38–7.35 (m, 3H), 6.62 (d, 1H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 6.41 (d, 1H), 6.35 (d, 1H), 6.05 (dd, 2H), 5.82 (s, 1H), 5.60 (d, 1H), 5.02 (d, 1H), 4.68–4.60 (m, 2H), 4.58 (bp, 1H), 4.29 (s, 1H), 4.26 (dd, 1H), 4.21–4.15 (m, 2H), 4.10 (dd, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.45–3.43 (m, 2H), 2.91–2.88 (m, 2H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 2.30–2.03 (m, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.41 (d, 3H), 1.04 (d, 3H), 0.94 (d, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 171.8, 170.2, 169.6, 168.5, 165.4, 148.0, 145.9, 143.3, 141.6, 141.1, 140.5, 134.7, 130.6, 129.8, 129.8, 128.8, 127.8, 120.3, 120.1, 118.7, 118.0, 113.5, 102.0, 61.5, 60.3, 59.4, 58.8, 57.8, 54.7, 54.6, 51.9, 49.0, 42.1, 41.5, 32.6, 32.3, 23.8, 20.5, 19.2, 18.6, 17.7, 16.3, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₈H₅₄N₆O₁₁S: 922.4. Found (M+H⁺): 923.1.

Compound 3x (from Compound 3v using cinnamoyl chloride): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.49–7.46 (m, 2H), 7.37–7.34 (m, 3H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 6.48 (d, 1H), 6.39 (d, 1H), 6.05 (dd, 2H), 5.84 (s, 1H), 5.58 (d, 1H), 5.03 (d, 1H), 4.64–4.59 (m, 1H), 4.58 (bp, 1H), 4.36–4.8 (m, 1H), 4.28 (s, 1H), 4.26 (d, 1H), 4.22–4.17 (m, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.45–3.43 (m, 2H), 2.92 (d, 2H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 2.28–2.03 (m, 2H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.54 (d, 3H);); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 171.4, 170.1, 168.6, 164.9, 148.2, 145.9, 143.2, 141.1, 134.8, 130.5, 130.0, 129.7, 128.8, 127.8, 120.4, 120.4, 120.0, 118.8, 118.0, 113.6, 113.4, 102.0, 61.4, 60.6, 60.4, 59.3, 59.1, 54.8, 54.6, 51.7, 48.7, 41.9, 41.5, 32.5, 23.8, 20.5, 20.0, 16.2, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₃H₄₅N₅O₁₀S: 823.3. Found (M+H⁺): 824.3.

Compound 13c (from Compound 11 using 20 equiv. of butyryl chloride and 30 equiv. of pyr): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.68 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.17 (dd, 2H), 5.02 (bt, 1H), 5.01 (d, 1H), 4.57 (bp, 1H), 4.34 (dd, 1H), 4.29 (s, 1H), 4.19 (d, 1H), 4.12 (dd, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.46 (d, 1H), 3.45–3.42 (m, 1H), 2.88 (bd, 2H), 2.30–2.16 (m, 3H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 2.02–1.96 (m, 1H), 1.68–1.56 (m, 2H), 0.98 (t, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 172.5, 168.8, 167.3, 149.1, 148.4, 146.0, 141.3, 140.9, 131.0, 125.6, 125.0, 121.2, 118.3, 113.8, 113.3, 102.2, 99.4, 71.7, 61.7, 60.3, 60.0, 59.4, 58.8, 57.6, 55.2, 54.9, 41.9, 41.7, 36.1, 32.0, 24.2, 20.5, 18.5, 16.1, 13.9, 9.8. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₇H₄₃N₃O₁₁S: 737.3. Found (M+Na⁺): 760.2.

Compound 13h (from Compound 11 using 5 equiv. of cinnamoyl chloride, 7.5 equiv. of pyr and CH₃CN as cosolvent): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.68 (d, 1H), 7.56–7.53 (m, 2H), 7.43–7.39 (m, 3H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 6.30 (d, 1H), 6.05 (dd, 2H), 5.22–5.13 (m, 3H), 5.04 (d, 1H), 4.58 (bp, 1H), 4.35 (d, 1H), 4.31 (s, 1H), 4.21 (d, 1H), 4.15 (dd, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.57 (s, 3H), 3.48 (d, 1H), 3.43–3.39 (m, 1H), 2.90–2.88 (m, 2H), 2.47–2.41 (m, 1H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.07–2.03 (m, 1H), 2.04 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 168.6, 167.1, 165.6, 148.8, 148.2, 145.7, 141.1, 140.6, 134.4, 130.9, 130.7, 130.4, 128.9, 128.2, 128.1, 125.2, 124.7, 120.9, 118.1, 117.3, 113.7, 113.1, 102.0, 99.2, 71.9, 61.5, 60.0, 59.8, 59.3, 58.5, 57.4, 54.9, 54.6, 41.7, 41.5, 31.8, 23.9, 20.2, 16.0, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₂H₃N₃O₁₁S: 797.3. Found (M+H⁺): 798.8.

Compound 13ll (from Compound 11 using 5 equiv. of methanesulfonyl chloride and 5 equiv. of Et₃N as base): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.65 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.17 (dd, 2H), 5.00 (d, 1H), 4.93 (dd, 1H), 4.58 (bp, 1H), 4.34 (dd, 1H), 4.29 (s, 1H), 4.16–4.12 (m, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.46 (d, 1H), 3.44–3.39 (m, 1H), 3.11 (s, 3H), 2.96–2.81 (m, 2H), 2.50–2.42 (m, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 2.04–1.97 (m, 1H), 2.03 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₄H₃₉N₃O₁₂S₂: 745.2. Found (M+H⁺): 746.2.

Compound 26 (from Compound 24 using 1.05 equiv of acetyl chloride and without base): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.51 (s, 1H), 6.05 (d, 2H), 5.95 (s, 1H), 5.60 (d, 1H), 5.59 (bp, 1H), 5.03 (d, 1H), 4.58–4.53 (m, 2H), 4.27 (s, 1H), 4.26 (d, 1H), 4.20–4.16 (m, 2H), 3.43–3.42 (m, 2H), 2.90–2.88 (m, 2H), 2.27–2.11 (m, 2H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.85 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 170.4, 169.5, 168.9, 145.8, 144.5, 140.9, 140.4, 139.9, 127.1, 123.6, 120.1, 119.8, 119.2, 118.1, 113.5, 113.4, 102.0, 61.3, 60.4, 59.2, 58.9, 54.7, 54.5, 52.0, 41.7, 41.4, 32.3, 23.5, 22.8, 20.6, 16.2, 9.6; ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₂H₃₄N₄O₉S: 650.2. Found (M+H⁺): 651.3.

Example 6

Method F: To a solution of 1 equiv. of 1 in DMF (0.03M) under Argon at room temperature, were added 0.9 equiv. of Cs₂CO₃ and 0.9 equiv on BnBr. After 2 h 30 min the reaction was quenched with 1 μL of AcOH, diluted with Hex/EtOAc (1:3), washed with H₂O and extracted with Hex/EtOAc (1:3). The organic layer was dried with Na₂SO₄. Flash chromatography give pure compound 2n.

Compound 2n: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.32–7.20 (m, 5H), 6.56 (s, 1H), 6.02 (dd, 2H), 5.15 (dd, 2H), 5.04 (d, 1H), 4.51 (bp, 1H), 4.32 (d, 1H), 4.25–4.23 (m, 2H), 4.12 (dd, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.62 (dd, 2H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.44–3.40 (m, 2H), 3.38–3.20 (m, 1H), 3.19–2.84 (m, 2H), 2.36–1.91 (m, 2H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.91 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 172.7, 168.6, 149.3, 148.2, 145.6, 140.9, 140.4, 139.9, 131.5, 130.3, 128.3, 128.1, 126.9, 124.9, 124.7, 120.9, 118.1, 113.8, 113.2, 101.9, 99.1, 61.5, 59.7, 59.6, 59.5, 59.2, 58.9, 57.4, 54.9, 54.7, 51.3, 41.5, 41.4, 33.3, 23.8, 20.3, 15.3, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₀H₄₄N₄O₉S: 756.3. Found (M+Na⁺): 779.2.

Example 7

Method G: To a solution of 1 equiv. of 2a–n, 2t, 2w, 2y, 11, 12*, 13a–c, 13e–f, 13h, 13ll, 14a* or 7–9 in CH₃CN/CH₂Cl₂ 5:4 (0.026M) under Argon were added 6 equiv. of NaI and 6 equiv. of fresh distilled TMSCl. After 20 min the reaction was quenched with a saturated solution of Na₂S₂O₄, diluted with CH₂Cl₂, washed with Na₂S₂O₄ (×3), or with NaCl. The aqueous layer extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was dried with Na₂SO₄. Flash chromatography gives pure compounds 3a–n, 3p, 3s–t, 3v–w, 3y–z, 15, 16*, 17a–c, 17e–f, 17h, 17ll, 18a*.

Compound 3a (from 2a): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.56 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.78 (s, 1H), 5.52 (bd, 1H), 5.02 (d, 1H), 4.58 (ddd, 1H), 4.53 (bs, 1H), 4.27–4.25 (m, 2H), 4.19–4.15 (m, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.44–3.43 (m, 2H), 2.92–2.90 (m, 2H), 2.36–2.02 (m, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.88 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 170.5, 168.8, 168.4, 148.1, 145.8, 143.1, 141.0, 140.3, 130.7, 129.9, 129.0, 120.3, 119.0, 117.9, 113.5, 102.0, 61.3, 60.3, 60.2, 59.3, 58.9, 54.7, 54.5, 51.9, 41.8, 41.4, 32.4, 23.7, 22.8, 20.4, 16.0, 9.5; ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₃H₃₆N₄O₉S: 664.2. Found (M+H⁺): 665.2.

Compound 3b (from 2b): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.52 (s, 1H), 6.41 (bd, 1H), 6.05 (dd, 2H), 5.72 (s, 1H), 5.05 (d, 1H), 4.60 (bp, 1H), 4.54–4.51 (m, 1H), 4.32 (s, 1H), 4.26–4.18 (m, 3H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.46–3.42 (m, 2H), 2.97–2.80 (m, 2H), 2.44–2.38 (m, 1H), 2.30–2.03 (m, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 168.8, 168.5, 156.3, 155.8, 155.3, 147.6, 146.0, 143.1, 141.2, 140.5, 130.5, 129.9, 120.7, 120.6, 120.1, 118.0, 117.9, 113.2, 101.1, 61.4, 60.7, 60.1, 59.5, 58.9, 54.6, 54.5, 52.8, 42.0, 41.5, 31.9, 23.8, 20.4, 15.6, 9.6; ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₃H₃₃F₃N₄O₉S: 718.2. Found (M+H⁺): 719.2.

Compound 3c (from 2c): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.54 (s, 1H), 6.03 (dd, 2H), 5.82 (s, 1H), 5.49 (bd, 1H), 5.02 (d, 1H), 4.61 (ddd, 1H), 4.53 (bp, 1H), 4.27–4.24 (m, 2H), 4.19–4.15 (m, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.44–3.41 (m, 2H), 2.90 (bd, 2H), 2.31–1.94 (m, 4H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.67–1.57 (m, 2H), 0.95 (t, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 171.8, 170.5, 148.0, 145.8, 143.1, 141.0, 140.4, 130.8, 129.0, 120.4, 120.2, 119.0, 118.0, 113.4, 102.0, 61.4, 60.2, 59.4, 58.9, 54.7, 54.5, 51.7, 41.8, 41.4, 38.2, 32.6, 23.8, 20.5, 18.8, 16.0, 13.7, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₅H₄₀N₄O₉S: 692.2. Found (M+H⁺): 693.9.

Compound 3d (from 2d): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.54 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.76 (s, 1H), 5.48 (bd, 1H), 5.02 (d, 1H), 4.66–4.60 (m, 1H), 4.53 (bp, 1H), 4.27–4.23 (m, 2H), 4.19–4.15 (m, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.44–3.42 (m, 2H), 2.90 (bd, 2H), 2.33–1.90 (m, 5H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 0.98 (d, 3H), 0.92 (d, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 171.3, 170.6, 168.5, 148.0, 145.8, 143.1, 141.1, 140.4, 130.8, 129.0, 127.6, 120.5, 120.3, 119.1, 118.0, 113.5, 102.0, 74.2, 61.4, 60.3, 59.4, 58.8, 54.7, 54.6, 51.7, 45.5, 41.9, 41.5, 32.7, 25.8, 23.8, 22.5, 22.4, 20.5, 16.2, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₆H₄₂N₄O₉S: 706.3. Found (M+Na⁺): 729.2.

Compound 3e (from 2e): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.54 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.75 (s, 1H), 5.48 (bd, 1H), 5.02 (d, 1H), 4.60 (ddd, 1H), 4.53 (bp, 1H), 4.27–4.24 (m, 2H), 4.19–4.15 (m, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.48–3.42 (m, 2H), 2.91 (bd, 2H), 2.32–1.97 (m, 4H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.62–1.41 (m, 2H), 1.390–1.25 (m, 8H), 0.89 (t, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 172.0, 170.6, 168.4, 148.0, 145.8, 143.1, 141.0, 140.4, 130.8, 129.0, 120.4, 120.2, 119.0, 118.0, 113.7, 113.5, 102.0, 61.4, 60.3, 59.4, 58.9, 54.7, 54.6, 51.8, 41.8, 41.5, 36.3, 32.6, 31.7, 29.3, 29.1, 25.4, 23.8, 22.6, 20.5, 16.1, 14.0, 9.6; ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₉H₄₈N₄O₉S: 748.3. Found (M+H⁺): 749.3.

Compound 3f (from 2f): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.55 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.73 (s, 1H), 5.48 (bd, 1H), 5.02 (d, 1H), 4.60 (ddd, 1H), 4.56–4.50 (bp, 1H), 4.28–4.24 (m, 2H), 4.20–4.14 (m, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.44–3.40 (m, 2H), 2.92–2.90 (bd, 2H), 2.35–1.95 (m, 4H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.62–1.58 (m, 2H), 1.38–1.20 (m, 24H), 0.88 (t, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₇H₆₄N₄O₉S: 860.4. Found (M+H⁺): 861.5.

Compound 3g (from 2g): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.69–7.66 (m, 2H), 7.57–7.45 (m, 3H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 6.35 (d, 1H), 6.06 (dd, 2H), 5.70 (s, 1H), 5.07 (d, 1H), 4.78–4.74 (m, 1H), 4.58 (bp, 1H), 4.33 (s, 1H), 4.26–4.18 (m, 3H), 3.61 (s, 3H), 3.47–3.45 (m, 2H), 2.92 (bd, 2H), 2.60–2.53 (m, 1H), 2.28–1.93 (m, 1H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 3H), 1.93 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 171.7, 170.5, 166.4, 147.7, 145.9, 143.0, 141.1, 140.5, 134.2, 131.6, 130.8, 129.4, 128.6, 127.0, 120.4, 118.5, 118.0, 113.7, 113.4, 102.0, 61.5, 60.3, 60.1, 59.7, 58.8, 54.7, 53.1, 41.9, 41.5, 32.8, 23.9, 20.4, 15.6, 9.6; ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₈H₃₈N₄O₉S: 726.2. Found (M+H⁺): 727.2.

Compound 3h (from 2h): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.54–7.51 (m, 2H), 7.44–7.38 (m, 3H), 6.63 (s, 1H), 6.22 (d, 1H), 6.05 (dd, 2H), 5.79 (s, 1H), 5.73 (d, 1H), 5.05 (d, 1H), 4.71 (ddd, 1H), 4.55 (bp, 1H), 4.29 (s, 1H), 4.26 (s, 1H), 4.21–4.17 (m, 2H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.48–3.42 (m, 2H), 2.95–2.93 (m, 2H), 2.49–2.44 (m, 1H), 2.29–2.03 (m, 1H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 170.4, 168.4, 164.5, 148.1, 145.8, 143.1, 142.0, 141.0, 140.4, 134.7, 130.8, 129.8, 129.2, 128.8, 127.9, 120.2, 119.8, 118.9, 118.0, 113.6, 113.3, 102.0, 61.4, 60.4, 60.2, 59.4, 59.0, 54.6, 54.6, 52.5, 41.8, 41.5, 32.6, 23.8, 20.5, 16.2, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₀H₄₀N₄O₉S: 752.2. Found (M+Na⁺): 775.8.

Compound 3i (from 2i): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.66–7.51 (m, 4H), 6.64 (s, 1H), 6.26 (d, 1H), 6.05 (dd, 2H), 5.77 (s, 1H), 5.74 (d, 1H), 5.05 (d, 1H), 4.72 (ddd, 1H), 4.56 (bp, 1H), 4.29 (s, 1H), 4.26 (dd, 1H), 4.22–4.16 (m, 2H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.46–3.44 (m, 2H), 2.94 (bd, 2H), 2.47–2.40 (m, 1H), 2.30–2.03 (m, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 170.3, 163.9, 148.1, 143.1, 141.1, 140.4, 135.6, 131.7, 130.9, 129.5, 129.0, 126.2, 123.6, 121.7, 120.3, 118.0, 113.3, 102.0, 99.2, 61.4, 60.5, 60.2, 59.4, 59.1, 54.7, 54.6, 52.5, 41.8, 41.5, 32.6, 23.8, 20.5, 16.2, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₁H₃₉N₄F₃O₉S: 820.2. Found (M+H⁺): 821.3.

Compound 3j (from 2j): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.77–7.68 (m, 4H), 6.26 (s, 1H), 6.06 (dd, 2H), 5.77 (s, 1H), 4.98 (d, 1H), 4.61–4.55 (m, 2H), 4.33–4.21 (m, 2H), 4.09 (d, 1H), 4.97 (dd, 1H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.47–3.31 (m, 2H), 2.93–2.77 (m, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.33–2.14 (m, 2H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.05 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₉H₃₆N₄O₁₀S: 752.2. Found (M+H⁺): 753.2.

Compound 6: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.95 (dd, 1H), 7.66–7.45 (m, 3H), 6.13 (s, 1H), 6.07 (dd, 2H), 5.88 (d, 1H), 5.64 (s, 1H), 5.06 (d, 1H), 4.83–4.81 (m, 1H), 4.53 (bp, 1H), 4.30–4.17 (m, 4H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.61 (s, 3H), 3.45–3.40 (m, 2H), 2.94–2.85 (m, 2H), 2.29–2.04 (m, 2H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₀H₄₀N₄O₁₁S: 784.2. Found (M+H⁺): 785.1.

Compound 3k (from 2k): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.78 (s, 1H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 6.45 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.38 (bd, 1H), 5.29 (bs, 1H), 5.15 (d, 1H), 4.66 (m, 1H), 4.60 (bp, 1H), 4.55–4.51 (m, 1H), 4.40 (d, 1H), 4.34–4.29 (m, 2H), 4.25 (s, 1H), 4.14 (d, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.43–3.39 (m, 2H), 3.09–3.05 (m, 1H), 2.96–2.90 (m, 3H), 2.70 (d, 1H), 2.34–1.94 (m, 4H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.81–1.25 (m, 6H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 171.5, 170.8, 168.7, 163.8, 148.8, 145.8, 142.8, 141.1, 140.3, 131.2, 128.9, 120.7, 120.3, 120.1, 118.3, 113.5, 102.0, 61.9, 61.2, 60.2, 59.8, 59.4, 59.4, 56.4, 55.1, 54.7, 51.3, 41.8, 41.4, 41.1, 34.5, 32.6, 27.8, 27.7, 25.0, 24.1, 20.7, 16.1, 9.6; ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₁H₄₈N₆O₁₀S₂: 849.0. Found (M+H⁺): 850.0.

Compound 3l (from 2l): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.57 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.90 (bp, 1H), 5.63 (bd, 1H), 5.02 (d, 1H), 4.60–4.55 (m, 2H), 4.27–4.17 (m, 4H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.47–3.39 (m, 2H), 2.90 (bd, 2H), 2.68–2.61 (m, 2H), 2.58–2.02 (m, 4H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 176.4, 170.5, 170.2, 168.6, 148.1, 145.8, 143.1, 141.0, 140.3, 130.7, 129.2, 120.3, 120.0, 119.0, 118.0, 113.5, 113.3, 102.0, 61.3, 60.4, 60.3, 59.2, 58.9, 54.6, 54.4, 51.9, 41.8, 41.4, 32.3, 30.2, 29.6, 29.1, 28.3, 23.7, 20.5, 16.0, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₅H₃₈N₄O₁₁S: 722.2. Found (M+H⁺): 723.2.

Compound 3m (from 2m): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.45 (s, 1H), 6.02 (d, 2H), 5.67 (s, 1H), 4.98 (d, 1H), 4.55 (bp, 1H), 4.27–4.22 (m, 2H), 4.14 (d, 1H), 3.94 (dd, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.65–3.38 (m, 3H), 2.96–2.79 (m, 2H), 2.44–2.02 (m, 7H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.88–1.82 (m, 1H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₃H₃₈N₄O₈S: 650.2. Found (M+H⁺): 651.3.

Compound 3n (from 2n): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.31–7.21 (m, 5H), 6.37 (s, 1H), 6.02 (dd, 2H), 5.67 (s, 1H), 5.04 (d, 1H), 4.52 (bp, 1H), 4.24–4.22 (m, 3H), 4.11 (dd, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.62 (dd, 2H), 3.42–3.41 (m, 2H), 3.19–3.18 (m, 1H), 3.03–2.83 (m, 2H), 2.34–2.30 (m, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 2.05–2.02 (m, 1H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.93 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 172.7, 168.5, 147.7, 145.6, 142.9, 141.0, 140.4, 140.1, 130.6, 129.3, 128.2, 128.2, 126.8, 120.7, 118.2, 118.0, 113.8, 113.3, 101.9, 99.1, 61.5, 60.1, 59.6, 59.5, 59.2, 54.7, 51.3, 41.6, 41.5, 33.4, 23.8, 20.5, 15.3, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₈H₄₀N₄O₈S: 712.3. Found (M+H⁺): 713.3.

Compound 3p (from 7): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.73 (bp. 1H), 6.51 (s, 1H), 6.05 (dd, 2H), 5.03 (d, 1H), 4.64 (dt, 1H), 4.55 (bp, 1H), 4.31 (s, 1H), 4.26 (dd, 1H), 4.21 (d, 1H), 4.17 (dd, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.49–3.42 (m, 2H), 2.99 (d, 1H), 2.90–2.88 (m, 2H), 2.47–1.97 (m, 3H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 0.97 (d, 3H), 0.79 (d, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 173.6, 170.4, 168.5, 147.6, 145.9, 143.1, 141.1, 140.5, 130.8, 129.0, 120.8, 120.6, 118.8, 118.0, 113.5, 113.3, 102.0, 61.5, 60.6, 60.2, 60.0, 59.6, 58.6, 54.7, 54.6, 51.9, 42.0, 41.5, 33.0, 31.6, 23.9, 20.4, 19.6, 16.8, 16.2, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₆H₄₃N₅O₉S: 721.3. Found (M+H⁺): 722.2

Compound 3s (from 9 using 9 equiv of TMSCl and NaI. The reaction was quenched with brine and Na₂CO₃): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.74 (d, 1H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 6.05 (dd, 2H), 5.61 (d, 1H), 5.02 (d, 1H), 4.68–4.64 (m, 1H), 4.57 (bp, 1H), 4.29 (s, 1H), 4.27 (dd, 1H), 4.20–4.16 (m, 2H), 4.04 (dd, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.52–3.43 (m, 3H), 2.91–2.89 (m, 2H), 2.49 (s, 3H), 2.29–2.02 (m, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.33 (d, 3H), 1.07 (d, 3H), 0.97 (d, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 175.2, 170.2, 170.2, 168.5, 148.0, 145.9, 143.3, 141.1, 140.4, 130.4, 130.1, 120.4, 120.2, 118.5, 118.0, 113.5, 102.0, 61.5, 60.4, 60.3, 59.4, 58.8, 57.4, 54.7, 54.6, 51.8, 50.9, 42.0, 41.5, 32.7, 32.2, 23.8, 21.8, 20.5, 19.3, 18.0, 16.3, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₉H₄₈N₆O₁₀S: 792.3. Found (M+H⁺): 793.3.

Compound 3t (from 2t): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.59 (bd, 1H), 6.53 (s, 1H), 6.28–6.22 (m, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.89 (s, 1H), 5.60, 5.58 (2d, 1H), 5.01 (d, 1H), 4.66–4.62 (m, 1H), 4.57 (bp, 1H), 4.50–4.43 (m, 1H), 4.28 (s, 1H), 4.25 (d, 1H), 4.20–4.12 (m, 2H), 4.09–4.04 (m, 1H), 3.78, 3.77 (2s, 3H), 3.47–3.42 (m, 2H), 2.90–2.87 (m, 2H), 2.46 (s, 3H), 2.28–1.98 (m, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.16, 2.15 (2s, 3H), 2.03, 2.02 (2s, 3H), 1.98 (s, 3H), 1.36, 1.32 (2d, 3H), 1.05, 1.03 (2d, 3H), 0.93 (d, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 171.9, 170.1, 169.7, 169.6, 168.5, 148.0, 145.9, 143.2, 141.1, 140.4, 130.6, 129.8, 120.3, 120.2, 118.7, 118.0, 113.4, 102.0, 61.4, 60.3, 60.3, 59.4, 58.8, 57.7, 57.6, 54.6, 54.5, 51.9, 48.9, 48.9, 42.0, 41.5, 32.6, 32.3, 32.2, 23.8, 23.1, 20.5, 19.2, 19.1, 19.1, 18.5, 17.7, 17.7, 16.2, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₁H₅₀N₆O₁₁S: 834.3. Found (M+H⁺): 835.3.

Compound 3v (from 8; the reaction was quenched with brine and Na₂CO₃): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.70 (bp, 1H), 6.52 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.03 (d, 1H), 4.58–4.53 (m, 2H), 4.30 (s, 1H), 4.25 (dd, 1H), 4.20–4.14 (m, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.45–3.42 (m, 2H), 3.30 (dd, 1H), 2.90–2.88 (m, 2H), 2.38–2.00 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.25 (d, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 175.0, 170.3, 168.4, 147.6, 145.9, 143.1, 141.1, 140.5, 130.8, 129.0, 120.9, 120.5, 118.7, 118.0, 113.5, 113.3, 102.0, 61.5, 60.2, 60.1, 59.6, 58.8, 54.8, 54.6, 52.1, 50.8, 41.9, 41.5, 32.7, 23.9, 21.6, 20.4, 16.1, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₄H₃₉N₅O₉S: 693.2. Found (M+H⁺): 694.3.

Compound 3w (from 2w; the reaction was quenched with brine): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.67, 6.55 (2s, 1H), 6.30 (m, 1H), 6.05 (dd, 2H), 5.86, 5.79 (2s, 1H), 5.65, 5.54 (2bd, 1H), 5.03, 5.02 (2d, 1H), 4.60–4.17 (m, 7H), 3.79, 3.76 (2s, 3H), 3.45–3.40 (m, 2H), 2.92–2.85 (bd, 2H), 2.46–1.95 (m, 2H), 2.46, 2.40 (2s, 3H), 2.29, 2.28 (2s, 3H), 2.17, 2.15 (2s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.98, 1.95 (2s, 3H), 1.45, 1.20 (2d, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 171.5, 170.1, 169.9, 169.1, 168.6, 148.2, 147.7, 145.9, 143.2, 141.1, 140.4, 130.9, 130.4, 130.0, 129.8, 120.8, 120.3, 118.8, 118.0, 113.6, 113.4, 102.0, 61.5, 61.4, 60.5, 60.4, 59.3, 59.1, 58.7, 54.8, 54.6, 51.9, 51.7, 48.5, 42.1, 41.9, 41.5, 32.4, 32.3, 23.8, 23.2, 20.5, 19.9, 16.0, 15.8, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₆H₄₁N₅O₁₀S: 735.3. Found (M+H⁺): 736.2.

Compound 3y (from 2y): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.77–7.68 (m, 4H), 7.42–7.26 (m, 4H), 6.53 (s, 1H), 6.05 (bd, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.96–5.87 (m, 1H), 5.74 (s, 1H), 5.58 (bd, 1H), 5.38–5.20 (m, 2H), 5.00 (d, 1H), 4.60–4.55 (m, 4H), 4.33–4.08 (m, 6H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.44–3.42 (m, 2H), 3.19–3.13 (m, 1H), 3.05–2.83 (m, 5H), 2.38–2.02 (m, 2H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₅₂H₅₃N₅O₁₁S₂: 987.3. Found (M+H⁺): 988.1.

Compound 3z was also obtained in the reaction of 2y: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.76 (d, 2H), 7.66 (dd, 2H), 7.42–7.30 (m, 4H), 6.49 (s, 1H), 6.05 (dd, 2H), 5.67 (bp, 1H), 5.02 (d, 1H), 4.59–4.54 (m, 2H), 4.30 (bs, 1H), 4.25–4.23 (dd, 1H), 4.19–4.09 (m, 3H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 3.68–3.43 (m, 2H), 3.33 (dd, 1H), 3.14–2.85 (m, 5H), 2.46 (dd, 1H), 2.35–2.24 (m, 2H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₈H₄₉N₅O₉S₂: 903.3. Found (M+H⁺): 904.2.

Compound 15 (from 11): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.56 (s, 1H), 6.03 (dd, 2H), 5.74 (s, 1H), 5.04 (d, 2H), 4.54 (bp, 1H), 4.26–4.23 (m, 2H), 4.20–4.14 (m, 2H), 4.02–3.96 (m, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.42–3.39 (m, 2H), 2.93–2.90 (m, 2H), 2.31–2.03 (m, 2H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₁H₃₃N₃O₉S: 623.2. Found (M+H⁺): 624.2.

Compound 16* (from 12*): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, 45° C., CDCl₃): δ 6.49 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.67 (s, 1H), 4.94 (bd, 1H), 4.47 (s, 1H), 4.24–4.17 (m, 3H), 4.05 (d, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.57–3.55 (m, 2H), 3.40–3.37 (m, 1H), 2.98–2.90 (m, 1H), 2.73 (d, 1H), 2.51–2.47 (bm, 1H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.66 (dd, 1H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₁H₃₃N₃O₉S: 623.2. Found (M+H⁺): 624.3.

Compound 17a (from 13a): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.50 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.67 (s, 1H), 5.02–4.99 (m, 2H), 4.56 (bp, 1H), 4.27 (s, 1H), 4.25 (dd, 1H), 4.17 (d, 1H), 4.11 (dd, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.44–3.41 (m, 2H), 2.88–2.86 (m, 2H), 2.31–1.97 (m, 2H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.97 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 169.7, 168.5, 167.0, 147.2, 145.7, 142.9, 141.1, 140.6, 130.9, 128.7, 121.2, 120.7, 118.1, 118.0, 113.5, 102.0, 71.6, 61.4, 60.2, 60.0, 59.9, 59.0, 54.7, 54.6, 41.6, 41.5, 31.5, 23.9, 20.5, 20.3, 15.8, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₃H₃₅N₃O₁₀S: 665.2. Found (M+H⁺): 666.1.

Compound 17b (from 13b): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.46 (s, 1H), 6.05 (dd, 2H), 5.68 (s, 1H), 5.09 (bt, 1H), 5.02 (d, 1H), 4.62 (bp, 1H), 4.31 (s, 1H), 4.24 (dd, 1H), 4.19–4.14 (m, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.46–3.40 (m, 2H), 2.93–2.75 (m, 2H), 2.44–2.37 (dd, 1H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.10–2.04 (m, 1H), 2.04 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 168.6, 164.9, 147.0, 145.9, 142.9, 141.2, 140.7, 132.2 (CF3?), 130.6, 129.5, 125.1(CF3?), 121.6, 120.5(CF3?), 118.0, 117.3, 113.7, 113.3, 113.3(CF3?), 102.1, 74.8, 61.4, 60.6, 60.1, 59.9, 58.9, 54.6, 41.7, 41.6, 31.0, 23.9, 20.4, 15.5, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₃H₃₂F₃N₃O₁₀S: 719.2. Found (M+H⁺): 720.2.

Compound 17c (from 13c): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.47 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.66 (s, 1H), 5.02–4.99 (m, 2H), 4.57 (bp, 1H), 4.28 (s, 1H), 4.24 (dd, 1H), 4.18 (d, 1H), 4.11 (dd, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.45–3.41 (m, 2H), 2.87–2.85 (m, 2H), 2.31–1.99 (m, 4H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.67–1.55 (m, 2H), 0.97 (t, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 172.3, 168.5, 167.0, 147.2, 145.8, 142.9, 141.1, 140.6, 131.0, 128.8, 121.2, 120.8, 118.1, 118.1, 113.6, 113.1, 102.0, 71.4, 61.4, 60.2, 59.9, 59.9, 58.8, 54.8, 54.7, 41.6, 35.9, 31.7, 24.0, 20.4, 18.2, 15.8, 13.7, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₃H₃₉N₃O₁₀S: 693.2. Found (M+H⁺): 694.2.

Compound 17e (from 13e): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.47 (s, 1H), 6.03 (dd, 2H), 5.66 (s, 1H), 5.02–4.98 (m, 2H), 4.56 (bp, 1H), 4.27 (s, 1H), 4.24 (dd, 1H), 4.17 (d, 1H), 4.10 (dd, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.44–3.42 (m, 2H), 2.87–2.85 (m, 2H), 2.30–1.98 (m, 4H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.61–1.57 (m, 2H), 1.31–1.23 (m, 8H), 0.89 (t, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 172.6, 168.5, 167.0, 147.2, 145.8, 142.9, 141.1, 140.6, 130.0, 128.7, 121.2, 120.8, 118.1, 118.1, 113.6, 113.1, 102.0, 71.4, 61.4, 60.2, 59.9, 58.8, 54.8, 54.7, 41.6, 33.8, 31.7, 31.6, 29.1, 28.9, 24.7, 24.0, 22.6, 20.4, 15.8, 14.1, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₉H₄₇N₃O₁₀S: 749.3. Found (M+H⁺): 750.9.

Compound 17f (from 13f): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.48 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.66 (s, 1H), 5.02–4.98 (m, 2H), 4.57 (bp, 1H), 4.28 (s, 1H), 4.25 (dd, 1H), 4.17 (d, 1H), 4.10 (dd, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.44–3.40 (m, 2H), 2.87–2.85 (m, 2H), 2.37–1.98 (m, 4H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.62–1.55 (m, 2H), 1.35–1.26 (m, 24H), 0.88 (t, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 172.6, 168.6, 167.1, 147.2, 145.7, 142.8, 141.0, 140.6, 130.9, 128.7, 121.2, 120.7, 118.1, 117.9, 113.5, 113.1, 102.0, 71.4, 61.4, 60.3, 59.8, 58.8, 54.7, 54.6, 41.6, 33.8, 31.9, 31.6, 29.7, 29.5, 29.4, 29.3, 29.2, 24.6, 23.9, 22.7, 20.5, 15.9, 14.1, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₇H₆₃N₃O₁₀S: 861.4. Found (M+H⁺): 862.3.

Compound 17h (from 13h): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.64 (d, 1H), 7.55–7.52 (m, 2H), 7.43–7.40 (m, 3H), 6.51 (s, 1H), 6.28 (d, 1H), 6.05 (dd, 2H), 5.70 (s, 1H), 5.17 (bt, 1H), 5.04 (d, 1H), 4.58 (bp, 1H), 4.30 (s, 1H), 4.26 (d, 1H), 4.20 (d, 1H), 4.14 (dd, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.45 (d, 1H), 3.42–3.39 (m, 1H), 2.92–2.80 (m, 2H), 2.42 (dd, 1H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.09–2.04 (m, 1H), 2.04 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 168.5, 167.0, 165.6, 147.2, 145.8, 145.6, 142.9, 141.1, 140.6, 134.5, 131.1, 130.4, 128.9, 128.8, 128.1, 121.1, 120.8, 118.1, 118.0, 117.4, 113.6, 113.1, 102.0, 71.9, 61.5, 60.3, 59.9, 58.7, 54.7, 54.7, 41.7, 41.6, 31.8, 24.0, 20.4, 15.9, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₀H₃₉N₃O₁₀S: 753.2. Found (M+H⁺): 754.7.

Compound 17ll (from 13ll): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.43 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.70 (s, 1H), 5.00 (d, 1H), 4.94–4.90 (m, 1H), 4.59 (bp, 1H), 4.28 (s, 1H), 4.24 (d, 1H), 4.17–4.11 (m, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.46 (d, 1H), 3.45–3.39 (m, 2H), 3.10 (s, 3H), 2.94–2.78 (m, 2H), 2.50–2.42 (m, 1H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.08–2.03 (m, 1H), 2.03 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 168.8, 166.9, 147.8, 146.1, 143.2, 141.4, 140.8, 130.7, 129.4, 121.3, 120.5, 118.2, 118.0, 113.6, 113.3, 102.3, 77.4, 61.4, 61.0, 60.5, 60.1, 59.6, 55.0, 54.8, 41.8, 41.7, 39.6, 33.0, 24.3, 20.6, 16.0, 9.8. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₂H₃₅N₃O₁₁S₂: 701.2. Found (M+Na⁺): 724.6.

Compound 18a* (from 14a*): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.49 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.69 (s, 1H), 4.50–4.06 (m, 7H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.53 (d, 1H), 3.41–3.38 (m, 1H), 2.96–2.87 (m, 1H), 2.75 (d, 1H), 2.33–1.84 (m, 2H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.94 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₃H₃₅N₃O₁₀S: 665.2. Found (M+H⁺): 666.7.

Example 8

Method H: To a solution of 1 equiv. of 5 in CH₃CN (0.05M) under Argon at room temperature, were added the amine and 3 equiv. of AcOH. After 40 min. 1.5 equiv. of NaBH₃CN were added and the solution was stirred for 40 min. After this time the reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂, neutralized with NaHCO₃ and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was dried with Na₂SO₄. Flash chromatography gives pure compounds.

Compound 3o (using propyl amine): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.51 (s, 1H), 6.02 (dd, 2H), 5.71 (s, 1H), 5.01 (d, 1H), 4.53 (bp, 1H), 4.24–4.19 (m, 3H), 4.10 (dd, 1H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.41–3.40 (m, 2H), 3.17–3.16 (m, 1H), 3.00–2.82 (m, 2H), 2.46–1.97 (m, 4H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.44–1.25 (m, 2H), 0.84 (t, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 172.5, 168.6, 147.6, 145.5, 142.9, 140.8, 140.4, 130.6, 129.1, 120.8, 120.7, 118.2, 113.7, 113.2, 101.9, 61.4, 60.1, 60.0, 59.5, 59.0, 54.7, 54.6, 49.2, 41.5, 32.9, 23.8, 23.3, 20.6, 15.7, 11.7, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₄H₄₀N₄O₈S: 664.3. Found (M+H⁺): 665.3.

Example 9

Method I: To a solution of 1 equiv. of 3b–i, 3k–l, 3q, 3s, 3u–v, 3x–y or 15 in CH₃CN/H₂O 3:2 (0.009M) were added 30 equiv. of AgNO₃. After 24 h the reaction was quenched with a mixture 1:1 of saturated solutions of brine and NaHCO₃, stirred for 10 min and diluted and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was dried with Na₂SO₄. Chromatography gives pure compounds 4b–i, 4k–l, 4q, 4s, 4u–v, 4x–y or 19.

Compound 4b: t_(R)=48.2 min [HPLC, Symmetry 300 C18, 5 μm, 250×4.6 mm, λ=285 nm, flow=1.2 ml/min, temp=40° C., grad.: CH₃CNaq.—NH₄OAc (10 mM), 1% DEA, pH=3.0, 10%–60% (90′)]; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.53 (s, 1H), 6.49 (bd, 1H), 6.02 (dd, 2H), 5.69 (bp, 1H), 5.17 (d, 1H), 4.81 (s, 1H), 4.52–4.46 (m, 3H), 4.16–4.10 (m, 2H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.51–3.48 (m, 1H), 3.25–3.20 (m, 1H), 2.83–2.80 (m, 2H), 2.45–2.40 (m, 1H), 2.29–2.02 (m, 1H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 168.8, 168.6, 156.8, 156.3, 155.7, 147.4, 145.7, 142.9, 141.1, 140.9, 131.2, 129.7, 120.8, 120.7, 117.9, 114.9, 112.7, 101.9, 81.4, 62.0, 60.1, 57.7, 57.6, 56.0, 54.8, 52.9, 42.2, 41.3, 29.7, 23.6, 20.5, 15.6, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₂H₃₄F₃N₃O₁₀S: 709.2. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 692.2.

Compound 4c: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.56 (s, 1H), 6.01 (dd, 2H), 5.70 (s, 1H), 5.57 (bd, 1H), 5.15 (d, 1H), 4.77 (s, 1H), 4.61–4.57 (m, 1H), 4.50–4.42 (m, 2H), 4.15–4.07 (m, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.49–3.47 (m, 1H), 3.23–3.15 (m, 1H), 2.85–2.82 (m, 2H), 2.32–1.98 (m, 4H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.65–1.58 (m, 2H), 0.96 (t, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 171.8, 170.5, 147.9, 145.6, 143.0, 141.0, 140.8, 131.6, 128.8, 121.0, 120.7, 118.9, 115.3, 101.8, 81.5, 61.6, 60.3, 57.8, 57.6, 56.0, 55.0, 51.9, 42.0, 41.3, 38.3, 32.6, 23.7, 20.5, 18.9, 16.1, 13.8, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₄H₄₁N₃O₁₀S: 683.2. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 666.3.

Compound 4d: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.56 (s, 1H), 6.02 (dd, 2H), 5.72 (bs, 1H), 5.55 (bd, 1H), 5.15 (d, 1H), 4.78 (s, 1H), 4.64–4.60 (m, 1H), 4.48–4.42 (m, 2H), 4.17–4.12 (m, 1H), 4.09 (dd, 1H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.53–3.48 (m, 1H), 3.27–3.20 (m, 1H), 2.90–2.75 (m, 2H), 2.34–1.91 (m, 5H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 0.98 (d, 3H), 0.93 (d, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₅H₄₃N₃O₁₀S: 697.3. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 680.0.

Compound 4e: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.56 (s, 1H), 6.02 (d, 2H), 5.70 (s, 1H), 5.55 (bd, 1H), 5.15 (d, 1H), 4.77 (s, 1H), 4.61–4.55 (m, 1H), 4.50–4.42 (m, 2H), 4.17–4.14 (m, 1H), 4.08 (dd, 1H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.51–3.48 (m, 1H), 3.26–3.19 (m, 1H), 2.86–2.79 (m, 2H), 2.32–1.98 (m, 4H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.65–1.58 (m, 2H), 1.37–1.22 (m, 8H), 0.89 (t, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₈H₄₉N₃O₁₀S: 739.3. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 722.3.

Compound 4f: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.56 (s, 1H), 6.02 (dd, 2H), 5.70 (s, 1H), 5.57–5.53 (bd, 1H), 5.14 (d, 1H), 4.77 (s, 1H), 4.58 (ddd, 1H), 4.47–4.43 (m, 2H), 4.18–4.13 (m, 1H), 4.08 (dd, 1H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.50–3.46 (m, 1H), 3.25–3.19 (m, 1H), 2.88–2.82 (m, 1H), 2.32–1.95 (m, 4H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.40–1.20 (m, 26H), 0.88 (t, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₆H₆₅N₃O₁₀S: 851.4. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 834.5.

Compound 4g: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.70–7.67 (m, 2H), 7.56–7.45 (m, 3H), 6.49 (s, 1H), 6.42 (d, 1H), 6.03 (dd, 2H), 5.66 (s, 1H), 5.20 (d, 1H), 4.82 (s, 1H), 4.73 (dt, 1H), 4.52–4.45 (m, 2H), 4.16–4.10 (m, 2H), 3.61 (s, 3H), 3.52 (bd, 1H), 3.27–3.22 (m, 1H), 2.90–2.85 (m, 2H), 2.62–2.56 (m, 1H), 2.28–1.92 (m, 1H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.92 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 170.4, 168.5, 166.4, 147.6, 145.7, 142.9, 141.1, 140.9, 134.4, 131.5, 129.3, 128.6, 127.0, 125.1, 121.2, 120.5, 115.1, 112.6, 101.8, 81.5, 61.6, 60.1, 57.9, 56.0, 55.0, 53.3, 42.1, 41.3, 32.7, 23.9, 20.4, 15.6, 9.6; ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₇H₃₉N₃O₁₀S: 717.2. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 699.9.

Compound 4h: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.55–7.51 (m, 2H), 7.44–7.38 (m, 3H), 6.65 (s, 1H), 6.25 (d, 1H), 6.02 (dd, 2H), 5.80 (d, 1H), 5.71 (s, 1H), 5.18 (d, 1H), 4.79 (s, 1H), 4.69 (ddd, 1H), 4.49–4–43 (m, 2H), 4.16–4.09 (m, 2H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.51–3.49 (m, 1H), 3.26–3.20 (m, 1H), 2.89–2.86 (m, 2H), 2.52–2.47 (m, 1H), 2.29–2.03 (m, 1H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 170.4, 168.5, 164.5, 147.9, 145.6, 143.0, 141.8, 141.5, 141.0, 140.8, 134.8, 131.6, 129.7, 129.0, 128.8, 127.9, 121.0, 120.5, 120.1, 118.7, 115.2, 112.7, 101.8, 81.6, 61.7, 60.2, 57.7, 57.6, 56.0, 54.9, 52.7, 42.0, 41.3, 32.5, 23.7, 20.5, 16.3, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₉H₄₁N₃O₁₀S: 743.2. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 726.3.

Compound 4i: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.65–7.51 (m, 4H), 6.65 (s, 1H), 6.29 (d, 1H), 6.03 (dd, 2H), 5.81 (d, 1H), 5.71 (s, 1H), 5.18 (d, 1H), 4.79 (s, 1H), 4.71–4.67 (m, 1H), 4.49–4.47 (m, 2H), 4.16–4.09 (m, 2H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.51–3.49 (m, 1H), 3.23–3.20 (m, 1H), 2.88–2.86 (m, 2H), 2.47–2.33 (m, 1H), 2.30–2.02 (m, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₀H₄₀N₃F₃O₁₀S: 811.2. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 794.2.

Compound 4k: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.32 (bp, 1H), 6.56 (s, 1H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 6.01 (dd, 2H), 5.48 (bd, 1H), 5.14 (d, 1H), 4.75 (s, 1H), 4.68–4.63 (m, 1H), 4.55–4.45 (m, 3H), 4.33 (dd, 1H), 4.22 (bp, 1H), 4.05 (dd, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.53–3.45 (m, 1H), 3.22–3.13 (m, 1H), 3.10–3.02 (m, 1H), 2.94–2.84 (m, 3H), 2.66 (d, 1H), 2.34–1.91 (m, 4H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.10 (bs, 3H), 2.01 (bs, 3H), 1.75–1.22 (m, 6H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 171.0, 170.4, 163.7, 148.9, 145.5, 142.7, 141.1, 140.5, 131.8, 128.8, 122.2, 120.3, 112.6, 101.7, 82.0, 62.1, 60.1, 59.7, 57.2, 56.4, 55.7, 55.3, 51.2, 41.9, 41.2, 41.1, 34.3, 32.9, 27.8, 27.5, 24.8, 23.9, 20.7, 16.2, 9.6; ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₀H₄₉N₅O₁₁S₂: 840.0. Found (M−H₂O⁺): 822.3.

Compound 4l: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.58 (s, 1H), 6.02 (dd, 2H), 5.82–5.72 (bm, 2H), 5.15 (d, 1H), 4.79 (bs, 1H), 4.57–4.45 (m, 3H), 4.22–4.15 (bp, 1H), 4.11 (dd, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.59–3.49 (bp, 1H), 3.30–3.23 (bp, 1H), 2.91–2.83 (m, 2H), 2.68–2.45 (m, 4H), 2.35–2.02 (m, 2H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.01 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₄H₃₉N₃O₁₂S: 713.2. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 696.2.

Compound 4q: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.55 (s, 1H), 6.07 (d, 1H), 6.02 (d, 2H), 5.75 (s, 1H), 5.64 (d, 1H), 5.15 (d, 1H), 4.78 (s, 1H), 4.67–4.62 (m, 1H), 4.50–4.45 (m, 2H), 4.14–4.09 (m, 3H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.51–3.47 (m, 1H), 3.25–3.20 (m, 1H), 2.85–2.82 (m, 2H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.29–1.98 (m, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.98 (s, 3H), 1.06 (d, 3H), 0.97 (d, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₇H₄₆N₄O₁₁S: 754.3. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 737.3.

Compound 4s ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₈H₄₉N₅O₁₁S: 783.3. Found (M⁺): 766.3.

Compound 4u: ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₇H₅₅N₅O₁₂S: 914.0. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 897.0.

Compound 4v: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.70 (bp, 1H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 6.02 (d, 2H), 5.16 (d, 1H), 4.79 (s, 1H), 4.55–4.48 (m, 3H), 4.15–4.07 (m, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.52–3.49 (m, 1H), 3.32–3.21 (m, 2H), 2.85–2.80 (m, 2H), 2.31–2.02 (m, 2H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.26 (d, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₃H₄₀N₄O₁₀S: 684.2. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 667.2.

Compound 4x: ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₂H₄₆N₄O₁₁S: 814.9. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 797.9.

Compound 4y: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.77–7.67 (m, 4H), 7.42–7.28 (m, 4H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 6.18–6.06 (bp, 1H), 6.02 (dd, 2H), 6.03–5.86 (m, 1H), 5.70 (bs, 1H), 5.58 (bd, 1H), 5.35–5.20 (m, 2H), 5.15 (d, 1H), 4.79 (s, 1H), 4.60–4.55 (m, 3H), 4.46 (d, 1H), 4.20–4.11 (m, 4H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.49–3.47 (m, 1H), 3.21–3.15 (m, 2H), 3.06–2.70 (m, 6H), 2.38–2.11 (m, 2H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 169.8, 168.9, 147.8, 145.8, 145.7, 143.0, 141.0, 140.8, 132.5, 131.4, 127.5, 127.1, 127.0, 125.0, 125.0, 120.6, 119.8, 117.9, 115.1, 101.8, 81.4, 65.8, 61.6, 60.3, 57.8, 55.9, 55.0, 54.4, 52.4, 47.0, 42.1, 41.3, 37.2, 36.5, 33.3, 23.6, 20.4, 16.1, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₅₁H₅₄N₄O₁₂S₂: 978.3. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 961.3.

Compound 19: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.58 (s, 1H), 6.01 (dd, 2H), 5.71 (s, 1H), 5.16 (d, 1H), 4.76 (s, 1H), 4.47–4.43 (m, 2H), 4.15–4.11 (m, 1H), 4.08 (dd, 1H), 4.01–3.96 (m, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.49–3.45 (m, 1H), 3.21–3.17 (m, 1H), 2.88–2.83 (m, 2H), 2.35–2.02 (m, 2H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₀H₃₄N₂O₁₀S: 614.2. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 597.1.

Example 10

Method J: To a solution of 1 equiv. of 3a, 3n–p, 3r, 3t, 17a, 17cc, 17e–f, 17h, 17ll or 18a* in THF/H₂O 4:1 (0.03M) were added 5 equiv. of CuBr. After 24 h the reaction was diluted with CH₂Cl₂, washed with saturated solutions of NaHCO₃ and brine, and the organic layer dried with Na₂SO₄. Chromatography gives pure compounds 4a, 4n–p, 4r, 4t, 21a, 21c, 21e–f, 21h, 21ll or 22a*.

Compound 4a: t_(R)=24.6 min [HPLC, Symmetry 300 C18, 5 μm, 250×4.6 mm, λ=285 nm, flow=1.2 ml/min, temp=40° C., grad.: CH₃CNaq.—NH₄OAc (10 mM), 1% DEA, pH=3.0, 10%–60% (90′)]; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.57 (s, 1H), 6.02 (dd, 2H), 5.79 (bs, 1H), 5.60 (bd, 1H), 5.15 (d, 1H), 4.77 (s, 1H), 4.56 (ddd, 1H), 4.46–4.43 (m, 2H), 4.15 (dd, 1H), 4.09 (dd, 1H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.49–3.47 (m, 1H), 3.23–3.20 (m, 1H), 2.91–2.76 (m, 2H), 2.31–2.11 (m, 2H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.89 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 170.4, 168.8, 168.5, 148.0, 145.6, 143.0, 141.0, 140.7, 131.5, 128.8, 120.9, 120.6, 118.9, 115.2, 112.7, 101.8, 81.5, 61.6, 60.2, 57.7, 57.4, 55.9, 55.0, 52.1, 52.0, 41.3, 32.4, 23.6, 22.9, 20.5, 16.1, 9.5. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₂H₃₇N₃O₁₀S: 655.2. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 638.1.

Compound 4n: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.29–7.21 (m, 5H), 6.39 (s, 1H), 5.99 (dd, 2H), 5.66 (s, 1H), 5.16 (d, 1H), 4.74 (s, 1H), 4.52 (d, 1H), 4.44 (bp, 1H), 4.12 (d, 1H), 4.03 (dd, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.64 (dd, 2H), 3.48–3.47 (m, 1H), 3.21–3.17 (m, 2H), 2.95 (d, 1H), 2.84–2.75 (m, 1H), 2.35–2.30 (m, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.07–2.01 (m, 1H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.93 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 172.6, 168.6, 147.6, 145.4, 142.8, 140.9, 140.8, 140.2, 131.3, 130.8, 129.1, 128.8, 128.2, 126.8, 121.4, 120.9, 117.9, 115.6, 112.4, 101.7, 81.8, 60.9, 60.1, 59.5, 57.8, 57.6, 56.1, 54.9, 51.4, 41.8, 41.3, 33.3, 23.6, 20.6, 15.2, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₇H₄₁N₃O₉S: 703.3. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 686.7.

Compound 4o: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.53 (s, 1H), 6.00 (dd, 2H), 5.69 (bp, 1H), 5.14 (d, 1H), 4.74 (s, 1H), 4.44–4.49 (m, 2H), 4.13 (bd, 1H), 4.04 (dd, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.49–3.47 (m, 1H), 3.22–3.16 (m, 2H), 2.96–2.75 (m, 2H), 2.51–2.02 (m, 4H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.42–1.25 (m, 2H), 0.86 (t, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₃H₄₁N₃O₉S: 655.3. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 638.3.

Compound 4p: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.67 (bp. 1H), 6.52 (s, 1H), 6.02 (dd, 2H), 5.67 (bp, 1H), 5.16 (d, 1H), 4.80 (s, 1H), 4.63–4.60 (m, 1H), 4.49 (d, 1H), 4.45 (bp, 1H), 4.16 (d, 1H), 4.08 (dd, 1H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.52–3.9 (m, 1H), 3.25–3.20 (m, 1H), 3.00 (d, 1H), 2.85–2.82 (m, 2H), 2.32–2.02 (m, 3H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 0.99 (d, 3H), 0.81 (d, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₅H₄₄N₄O₁₀S: 712.3. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 695.2.

Compound 4r: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.59 (d, 1H), 7.49–7.46 (m, 2H), 7.36–7.34 (m, 3H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 6.42 (d, 1H), 6.34 (d, 1H), 6.01 (dd, 2H), 5.79 (s, 1H), 5.69 (d, 1H), 5.15 (d, 1H), 4.78 (s, 1H), 4.70–4.65 (m, 1H), 4.50–4.47 (m, 2H), 4.28 (dd, 1H), 4.15 (d, 1H), 4.10 (dd, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.49 (d, 1H), 3.25–3.22 (m, 1H), 2.85–2.83 (m, 2H), 2.57 (s, 3H), 2.28–2.14 (m, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.10 (d, 3H), 1.01 (d, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 170.1, 170.0, 168.6, 165.2, 148.0, 145.7, 143.2, 141.12, 140.84, 134.8, 131.2, 129.9, 129.6, 128.8, 127.8, 120.8, 120.7, 120.6, 118.4, 115.3, 112.7, 101.8, 81.5, 61.7, 60.4, 57.8, 57.7, 57.5, 56.0, 55.0, 52.0, 42.2, 41.3, 32.7, 32.6, 23.7, 20.5, 19.2, 18.0, 16.4, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₄H₅₀N₄O₁₁S: 842.9. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 825.3.

Compound 4t: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.54 (s, 1H), 6.49 (d, 1H), 6.21–6.16 (m, 1H), 6.07–5.96 (m, 2H), 5.78 (s, 1H), 5.63 (bd, 1H), 5.14 (d, 1H), 4.81, 4.78 (2s, 1H), 4.64–4.60 (m, 1H), 4.53–4.08 (m, 6H), 3.78, 3.7s (2s, 3H), 3.65–3.45 (m, 1H), 3.33–3.22 (m, 1H), 2.90–2.66 (m, 2H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 2.28–1.99 (m, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.16, 2.13 (2s, 3H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.99 (s, 3H), 1.37, 1.34 (2d, 3H), 1.08–1.03 (m, 3H), 0.96–0.93 (m, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 171.8, 170.1, 169.6, 169.5, 169.5, 168.7, 147.9, 145.7, 143.1, 141.0, 140.8, 131.3, 129.6, 120.7, 120.4, 118.5, 115.2, 112.6, 101.8, 81.4, 61.6, 60.4, 60.3, 57.7, 57.6, 57.5, 55.9, 54.9, 51.9, 48.9, 48.9, 42.2, 41.3, 32.5, 32.3, 23.6, 23.2, 20.5, 19.2, 19.1, 18.6, 17.7, 17.6, 16.3, 9.6 ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₀H₅₁N₅O₁₂S: 825.3. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 808.3.

Compound 21a: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.52 (s, 1H), 6.01 (dd, 2H), 5.64 (s, 1H), 5.13 (d, 1H), 5.00 (t, 1H), 4.76 (s, 1H), 4.48–4.45 (m, 2H), 4.15–4.12 (m, 1H), 4.02 (dd, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.50–3.47 (m, 1H), 3.22–3.17 (m, 1H), 2.82–2.79 (m, 2H), 2.30–1.98 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.98 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₂H₃₆N₂O₁₁S: 656.2. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 639.2.

Compound 21c: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.45 (s, 1H), 6.01 (dd, 2H), 5.63 (s, 1H), 5.13 (d, 1H), 5.03 (t, 1H), 4.77 (s, 1H), 4.50–4.48 (m, 2H), 4.14 (bd, 1H), 4.02 (dd, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.51–3.49 (bd, 1H), 3.21–3.12 (m, 1H), 2.85–2.75 (m, 2H), 2.31–2.02 (m, 4H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.66–1.56 (m, 2H), 0.97 (t, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 172.4, 168.6, 166.9, 147.1, 145.6, 142.8, 141.1, 131.8, 128.6, 125.1, 121.4, 115.4, 101.8, 81.5, 71.6, 61.2, 60.2, 58.2, 57.9, 56.1, 55.0, 41.8, 41.4, 36.0, 31.6, 23.9, 20.4, 18.3, 15.8, 13.7, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₄H₄₀N₂O₁₁S: 684.2. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 667.2.

Compound 21e: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.49 (s, 1H), 6.01 (dd, 2H), 5.63 (s, 1H), 5.13 (d, 1H), 5.02 (t, 1H), 4.76 (s, 1H), 4.47–4.46 (m, 2H), 4.13 (dd, 1H), 4.02 (dd, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.50–3.49 (m, 1H), 3.21–3.19 (m, 1H), 2.81–2.78 (m, 2H), 2.30–2.02 (m, 4H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.62–1.54 (m, 2H), 1.32–1.25 (m, 8H), 0.90 (t, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 172.6, 168.6, 166.9, 147.1, 145.5, 142.8, 141.1, 141.0, 131.7, 128.6, 121.4, 117.9, 115.4, 112.3, 101.8, 81.5, 71.5, 61.2, 60.2, 58.1, 57.9, 56.1, 55.0, 41.8, 41.4, 33.9, 31.7, 31.6, 29.1, 28.9, 24.7, 23.9, 22.6, 20.4, 15.8, 14.1, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₈H₄₈N₂O₁₁S: 740.3. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 723.2.

Compound 21f: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.50 (s, 1H), 6.01 (dd, 2H), 5.63 (s, 1H), 5.13 (d, 1H), 5.02 (t, 1H), 4.77 (bs, 1H), 4.50–4.48 (m, 2H), 4.16–4.12 (m, 1H), 4.02 (dd, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.51–3.49 (m, 1H), 3.22–3.19 (m, 1H), 2.82–2.77 (m, 2H), 2.37–2.02 (m, 7H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.65–1.59 (m, 2H), 1.40–1.16 (m, 24H), 0.88 (t, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₆H₆₄N₂O₁₀S: 852.4. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 835.4.

Compound 21h: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.64 (d, 1H), 7.55–7.52 (m, 2H), 7.42–7.40 (m, 3H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 6.30 (d, 1H), 6.02 (dd, 2H), 5.65 (s, 1H), 5.19–5.16 (m, 2H), 4.79 (s, 1H), 4.50–4.49 (m, 2H), 4.15 (d, 1H), 4.05 (dd, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.51 (d, 1H), 3.22–3.19 (m, 1H), 2.89–2.76 (m, 2H), 2.45–2.41 (m, 1H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 2.13–2.03 (m, 1H), 2.03 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 168.6, 166.9, 165.7, 147.1, 145.5, 145.4, 142.8, 141.1, 141.0, 134.6, 131.9, 130.3, 128.9, 128.1, 121.3, 117.6, 115.4, 112.3, 101.8, 81.5, 72.0, 61.2, 60.3, 58.2, 57.9, 56.1, 55.0, 41.9, 41.4, 31.8, 23.9, 20.4, 15.9, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₉H₄₀N₂O₁₁S: 744.2. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 727.2.

Compound 21ll: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.45 (s, 1H), 6.01 (dd, 2H), 5.68 (s, 1H), 5.12 (d, 1H), 4.92 (t, 1H), 4.78 (s, 1H), 4.53–4.42 (m, 2H), 4.15–4.03 (m, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.51–3.48 (m, 1H), 3.24–3.20 (m, 1H), 3.10 (s, 3H), 2.83–2.78 (m, 2H), 2.50–2.42 (m, 1H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.08–2.03 (m, 1H), 2.03 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₁₂S₂: 692.2. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 675.2.

Compound 22a*: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.50 (s, 1H), 6.02 (dd, 2H), 5.67 (s, 1H), 4.73 (bp, 1H), 4.71 (s, 1H), 4.48–4.38 (m, 4H), 4.12–4.10 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.61–3.59 (m, 1H), 3.22–3.18 (m, 1H), 2.89–2.80 (m, 1H), 2.70 (d, 1H), 2.33–1.86 (m, 2H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.94 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₂H₃₆N₂O₁₁S: 656.2. Found (M−H₂O+H⁺): 639.2.

Example 11

Method K: A solution of 7 in CH₂Cl₂/H₂O/TFA 2:1:4 (0.013M) was stirred for 15 min at RT. Then the reaction was diluted with CH₂Cl₂, neutralized with a saturated solution of NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃ and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was dried with Na₂SO₄. Flash chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) gives pure 2p.

Compound 2p: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.93 (bp. 1H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 6.05 (dd, 2H), 5.15 (dd, 2H), 5.03 (d, 1H), 4.66–4.63 (m, 1H), 4.54 (bp, 1H), 4.35 (d, 1H), 4.32 (s, 1H), 4.23 (d, 1H), 4.17 (dd, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.49–3.42 (m, 2H), 3.04 (d, 1H), 2.93–2.90 (m, 2H), 2.28–2.03 (m, 3H), 2.28 (s, 6H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 0.97 (d, 3H), 0.77 (d, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₈H₄₇N₅O₁₀S: 765.3. Found (M+H⁺): 766.3.

Example 12

Method L: To a solution of 10 in CH₃CN (0.03M) were added 2 equiv. of NaCNBH₃ and 4 equiv. of AcOH. After 4 h the reaction was diluted with CH₂Cl₂, neutraliced with a saturated solution of NaHCO₃ and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was dried with Na₂SO₄. Flash chromatography (Hex/EtOAc 2:1) gives pure compounds.

Compound 11: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.77 (s, 1H), 6.03 (dd, 2H), 5.17 (dd, 2H), 5.04 (d, 1H), 4.53 (bp, 1H), 4.34 (d, 1H), 4.27 (s, 1H), 4.20 (d, 1H), 4.19 (dd, 1H), 4.01 (bdd, 1H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.57 (s, 3H), 3.55–3.39 (m, 2H), 2.94–2.91 (m, 2H), 2.30–1.98 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 172.6, 168.6, 149.6, 148.3, 145.7, 141.0, 140.4, 131.6, 130.3, 124.8, 124.7, 120.5, 118.0, 113.3, 102.0, 99.1, 69.8, 61.4, 60.4, 59.6, 59.1, 59.0, 57.4, 54.9, 54.6, 41.4, 41.4, 35.0, 23.8, 20.3, 15.7, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₃H₃₇N₃O₁₀S: 667.3. Found (M+H⁺): 668.2.

Compound 12*: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, 45° C., CDCl₃): δ 6.70 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.17 (dd, 2H), 4.88 (bd, 1H), 4.49 (bs, 1H), 4.33 (bd, 1H), 4.27–4.24 (m, 1H), 4.24 (s, 1H), 4.08 (d, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.60–3.55 (m, 2H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.42–3.39 (m, 1H), 3.00–2.91 (m, 1H), 2.76 (d, 1H), 2.50–2.42 (m, 1H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.66 (dd, 1H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₃H₃₇N₃O₁₀S: 667.3. Found (M+H⁺): 668.2.

Example 13

Method M: To a solution of 1 equiv. of 11 for 13a–b or 12* for 14a* in CH₂Cl₂ (0.1M) under Argon were added 30 equiv of pyr. Then the reaction was cold to 0° C. and 20 equiv. of the anhydride and 5 equiv. of DMAP were added. After 5 min the reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 24 h. After this time it was quenched with NaCl, extracted with CH₂Cl₂ and the organic layers dried with Na₂SO₄. Flash chromatography gives pure compounds.

Compound 13a (using Ac₂O): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.70 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.17 (dd, 2H), 5.02–4.99 (m, 2H), 4.56 (bp, 1H), 4.34 (dd, 1H), 4.27 (s, 1H), 4.18 (d, 1H), 4.14 (dd, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.57 (s, 3H), 3.46–3.39 (m, 2H), 2.90–2.87 (m, 2H), 2.30–1.96 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.99 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 169.7, 167.1, 148.9, 148.2, 145.9, 141.2, 140.6, 130.7, 130.7, 125.3, 124.6, 120.8, 118.1, 113.5, 113.1, 102.0, 99.2, 71.6, 61.4, 60.0, 59.9, 59.2, 58.7, 57.4, 55.0, 54.6, 41.5, 31.6, 23.9, 20.3, 20.2, 15.8, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₅H₃₉N₃O₁₁S: 709.6. Found (M+H⁺): 710.2.

Compound 13b (using (F₃CCO)₂O): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.67 (s, 1H), 6.04 (dd, 2H), 5.17 (dd, 2H), 5.10 (bt, 1H), 5.02 (d, 1H), 4.62 (bp, 1H), 4.34–4.32 (m, 2H), 4.19–4.15 (m, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.47 (d, 1H), 3.44–3.41 (m, 1H), 2.94–2.77 (m, 2H), 2.47–2.37 (m, 1H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.07–2.04 (m, 1H), 2.04 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 168.7, 164.9, 148.7, 148.2, 145.9, 141.2, 140.7, 131.6, 130.3, 125.7, 124.0, 120.6, 118.0, 113.3, 102.1, 99.2, 74.7, 61.4, 60.5, 60.0, 59.1, 59.2, 58.7, 57.4, 54.9, 54.6, 41.7, 41.5, 31.1, 23.9, 20.2, 15.5, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₅H₃₆F₃N₃O₁₁S: 763.2. Found (M+H⁺): 764.2.

Compound 14a* (using Ac₂O): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.71 (s, 1H), 6.05 (dd, 2H), 5.16 (dd, 2H), 4.65–4.10 (m, 7H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.57–3.54 (m, 1H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.43–3.40 (m, 1H), 2.97–2.88 (m, 1H), 2.78 (d, 1H), 2.33–1.82 (m, 2H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.94 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₅H₃₉N₃O₁₁S: 709.6. Found (M+H⁺): 710.7.

Compounds 23 and 24:

Compound 23: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.52 (s, 1H), 5.95 (dd, 2H), 4.97 (d, 1H), 4.42 (d, 1H), 4.28 (bs, 2H), 4.15 (d, 1H), 4.05 (dd, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.51–3.50 (m, 1H), 3.40–3.39 (m, 1H), 3.27 (t, 1H), 2.91–2.89 (m, 2H), 2.38–2.36 (m, 2H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 173.9, 148.1, 146.2, 146.1, 142.8, 136.2, 130.4, 129.5, 120.8, 118.2, 112.7, 112.7, 107.7, 101.3, 61.1, 60.9, 60.4, 59.4, 58.8, 54.6, 54.6, 53.5, 43.3, 41.4, 33.0, 23.9, 15.7, 8.7; ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₂₉H₃₂N₄O₇S: 580.2. Found (M+H⁺): 581.3.

Compound 24: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.40 (s, 1H), 6.02 (d, 2H), 5.00 (d, 1H), 4.46 (bp, 1H), 4.24 (s, 1H), 4.21–4.14 (m, 3H), 3.39–3.37 (m, 2H), 3.29 (t, 1H), 2.93–2.78 (m, 2H), 2.31–2.03 (m, 2H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.25 (bs, 3H), 2.14 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 173.6, 168.9, 145.6, 145.3, 140.9, 140.2, 139.3, 126.1, 123.9, 120.2, 119.7, 118.1, 117.7, 113.6, 113.3, 101.9, 61.3, 60.3, 59.1, 59.1, 54.7, 54.6, 53.3, 41.9, 41.4, 33.0, 23.5, 20.5, 16.8, 9.6; ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₀H₃₂N₄O₈S: 608.2. Found (M+H⁺): 609.3.

Example 14

To a solution of Int-2 (21.53 g, 39.17 mmol) in ethanol (200 ml), tert-butoxycarbonyl anhydride (7.7 g, 35.25 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for 7 h at 23° C. Then, the reaction was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, hexane:ethyl acetate 6:4) to give Int-14 (20.6 g, 81%) as a yellow solid.

Rf: 0.52 (ethyl acetate:CHCl₃ 5:2).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.49 (s, 1H), 6.32 (bs, 1H), 5.26 (bs, 1H), 4.60 (bs, 1H), 4.14 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.81 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.7 (s, 3H), 3.34 (br d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.18–3.00 (m, 5H), 2.44 (d, J=18.3 Hz, 1H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 1.82 (s, 3H), 1.80–1.65 (m, 1H), 1.48 (s, 9H), 0.86 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 185.5, 180.8, 172.7, 155.9, 154.5, 147.3, 143.3, 141.5, 135.3, 130.4, 129.2, 127.5, 120.2, 117.4, 116.9, 80.2, 60.7, 60.3, 58.5, 55.9, 55.8, 54.9, 54.4, 50.0, 41.6, 40.3, 28.0, 25.3, 24.0, 18.1, 15.6, 8.5.

ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₄H₄₃N₅O₈: 649.7. Found (M+H)⁺: 650.3.

Example 15

Compound Int-15

To a stirred solution of Int-14 (20.6 g, 31.75 mmol) in CH₃CN (159 ml), diisopropylethylamine (82.96 ml, 476.2 mmol), methoxymethylene bromide (25.9 ml, 317.5 mmol) and dimethylaminopyridine (155 mg, 1.27 mmol) were added at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 24 h. The reaction was quenched at 0° C. with aqueous 0.1N HCl (750 ml) (pH=5), and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×400 ml). The organic phase was dried (sodium sulphate) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient hexane:ethyl acetate 4:1 to hexane:ethyl acetate 3:2) to give Int-15 (17.6 g, 83%) as a yellow solid.

Rf: 0.38 (hexane:ethyl acetate 3:7).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.73 (s, 1H), 5.35 (bs, 1H), 5.13 (s, 2H), 4.50 (bs, 1H), 4.25 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.84 (bs, 1H), 3.82–3.65 (m, 1H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.39–3.37 (m, 1H), 3.20–3.00 (m, 5H), 2.46 (d, J=18 Hz, 1H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 1.85 (s, 3H), 1.73–1.63 (m, 1H), 1.29 (s, 9H), 0.93 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 185.4, 180.9, 172.4, 155.9, 154.5, 149.0, 148.4, 141.6, 135.1, 131.0, 129.9, 127.6, 124.4, 123.7, 117.3, 99.1, 79.3, 60.7, 59.7, 58.4, 57.5, 56.2, 55.9, 55.0, 54.2, 50.0, 41.5, 39.9, 28.0, 25.2, 24.0, 18.1, 15.6, 8.5.

ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₆H₄₇N₅O₉: 693.8. Found (M+H)⁺: 694.3.

Example 16

To a flask containing Int-15 (8 g, 1.5 mmol) in methanol (1.61) an aqueous solution of 1M sodium hydroxide (3.2 l) was added at 0° C. The reaction was stirred for 2 h at this temperature and then, quenched with 6M HCl to pH=5. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×1 l) and the combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient CHCl3 to CHCl3:ethyl acetate 2:1) to afford Int-16 (5.3 mg, 68%).

Rf: 0.48 (CH₃CN:H₂O 7:3, RP-C18)

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.73 (s, 1H), 5.43 (bs, 1H), 5.16 (s, 2H), 4.54 (bs, 1H), 4.26 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (d, J=2.7 Hz 1H), 3.84 (bs, 1H), 3.80–3.64 (m, 1H), 3.58 (s, 3H), 3.41–3.39 (m, 1H), 3.22–3.06 (m, 5H), 2.49 (d, J=18.6 Hz 1H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.30–2.25 (m, 1H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 1.87 (s, 3H), 1.45–1.33 (m, 1H), 1.19 (s, 9H), 1.00 (br d, J=6.6 Hz 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 184.9, 180.9, 172.6, 154.7, 151.3, 149.1, 148.6, 144.7, 132.9, 131.3, 129.8, 124.5, 123.7, 117.3, 116.8, 99.1, 79.4, 59.8, 58.6, 57.7, 56.2, 55.6, 54.9, 54.5, 50.1, 41.6, 40.1, 28.0, 25.3, 24.4, 18.1, 15.7, 8.0.

ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₅H₄₅N₅O₉: 679.7. Found (M+H)⁺: 680.3

Example 17

To a degassed solution of compound Int-16 (1.8 g, 2.64 mmol) in DMF (221 ML) 10% Pd/C (360 mg) was added and stirred under H₂ (atmospheric pressure) for 45 min. The reaction was filtered through celite under argon, to a flask containing anhydrous Cs₂CO₃ (2.58 g, 7.92 mmol). Then, bromochloromethane (3.40 ml 52.8 mmol), was added and the tube was sealed and stirred at 100° C. for 2 h. The reaction was cooled, filtered through a pad of celite and washed with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was concentrated and dried (sodium sulphate) to afford Int-17 as a brown oil that was used in the next step with no further purification.

Rf: 0.36 (hexane:ethyl acetate 1:5, SiO₂).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.68 (s, 1H), 6.05 (bs, 1H), 5.90 (s, 1H), 5.79 (s, 1H), 5.40 (bs, 1H), 5.31–5.24 (m, 2H), 4.67 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.19 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (bs, 1H), 4.01 (bs, 1H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 3.64–2.96 (m, 5H), 2.65 (d, J=18.3 Hz, 1H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 3H), 2.01–1.95 (m, 1H), 1.28 (s, 9H), 0.87 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 172.1, 162.6, 154.9, 149.1, 145.7, 135.9, 130.8, 130.7, 125.1, 123.1, 117.8, 100.8, 99.8, 76.6, 59.8, 59.2, 57.7, 57.0, 56.7, 55.8, 55.2, 49.5, 41.6, 40.1, 36.5, 31.9, 31.6, 29.7, 28.2, 26.3, 25.0, 22.6, 18.2, 15.8, 14.1, 8.8.

ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₆H₄₇N₅O₉: 693.34. Found (M+H)⁺: 694.3.

Example 18

To a flask containing a solution of Int-17 (1.83 g, 2.65 mmol) in DMF (13 ml), Cs₂CO₃ (2.6 g, 7.97 mmol), and allyl bromide (1.15 ml, 13.28 mmol) were added at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 1 h. The reaction was filtered through a pad of celite and washed with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was dried and concentrated (sodium sulphate). The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, CHCl₃:ethyl acetate 1:4) to afford Int-18 (1.08 mg, 56%) as a white solid.

Rf: 0.36 (CHCl₃:ethyl acetate 1:3).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.70 (s, 1H), 6.27–6.02 (m, 1H), 5.94 (s, 1H), 5.83 (s, 1H), 5.37 (dd, J₁=1.01 Hz, J₂=16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.40 (bs, 1H), 5.25 (dd, J₁=1.0 Hz, J₂=10.5 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 4.91 (bs, 1H), 4.25–4.22 (m, 1H), 4.21 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.14–4.10 (m, 1H), 4.08 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (bs, 1H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.59 (s, 3H), 3.56–3.35 (m, 2H), 3.26–3.20 (m, 2H), 3.05–2.96 (dd, J₁=8.1 Hz, J₂=18 Hz, 1H), 2.63 (d, J=18 Hz, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 1.91–1.80 (m, 1H), 1.24 (s, 9H), 0.94 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 172.0, 154.8, 148.8, 148.6, 148.4, 144.4, 138.8, 133.7, 130.9, 130.3, 125.1, 124.0, 120.9, 117.8, 117.4, 112.8, 112.6, 101.1, 99.2, 73.9, 59.7, 59.3, 57.7, 56.9, 56.8, 56.2, 55.2, 40.1, 34.6, 31.5, 28.1, 26.4, 25.1, 22.6, 18.5, 15.7, 14.0, 9.2.

ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₉H₅₁N₅O₉: 733.4. Found (M+H)⁺: 734.4.

Example 19

To a solution of Int-18 (0.1 g, 0.137 mmol) in dioxane (2 ml), 4.2M HCl/dioxane (1.46 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred for 1 .2h at 23° C. The reaction was quenched at 0° C. with sat. Aqueous sodium bicarbonate (60 ml) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×70 ml). The organic layers were dried (sodium sulphate) and concentrated in vacuo to afford Int-19 (267 mg, 95%) as a white solid that was used in subsequent reactions with no further purification.

Rf: 0.17 (ethyl acetate:methanol 10:1, SiO₂)

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.49 (s, 1H), 6.12–6.00 (m, 1H), 5.94 (s, 1H), 5,86 (s, 1H), 5.34 (dd, J=1.0 Hz, J=17.4 Hz, 1H), 5.25 (dd, J=1.0 Hz, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.18–3.76 (m, 5H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.71–3.59 (m, 1H), 3.36–3.20 (m, 4H), 3.01–2.90 (m, 1H), 2.60 (d, J=18.0 Hz, 1H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 1.97–1.86 (m, 1H), 0.93 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 3H)

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 175.5, 148.4, 146.7, 144.4, 142.4, 138.9, 133.7, 131.3, 128.3, 120.8, 117.9, 117.4, 113.8, 112.4, 101.1, 74.2, 60.5, 59.1, 56.5, 56.1, 56.3, 56.0, 55.0, 50.5, 41.6, 39.5, 29.5, 26.4, 24.9, 21.1, 15.5, 9.33.

ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₂H₃₉N₅O₆: 589. Found (M+H)⁺: 590.

Example 20

To a solution of Int-19 (250 mg, 0.42 mmol) CH₂Cl₂ (1.5 ml), phenyl isothiocyanate (0.3 ml, 2.5 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 1h. The reaction was concentrated in vacuc and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, gradient Hexane to 5:1 hexane:ethyl acetate) to afford Int-20 (270 mg, 87%) as a white solid.

Rf: 0.56 (CHCl₃:ethyl acetate 1:4).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.00 (bs, 1H), 7.45–6.97 (m, 4H), 6.10 (s, 1H), 6.08–6.00 (m, 1H), 5.92 (s, 1H), 5.89 (s, 1H), 5.82 (s, 1H), 5.40 (dd, J=1.5 Hz, J=17.1 Hz, 1H), 3.38 (bs, 1H), 5.23 (dd, J=1.5 Hz, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 4.42–4.36 (m, 1H), 4.19–4.03 (m, 5H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 3.68–3.17 (m, 4H), 2.90 (dd, J=7.8 Hz, J=18.3 Hz, 1H), 2.57 (d, J=18.3 Hz, 1H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 1.90 (dd, J=12.3 Hz, J=16.5 Hz, 1H), 0.81 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 178.4, 171.6, 148.6, 146.8, 144.3, 142.7, 138.7, 136.2, 133.6, 130.7, 129.8, 126.6, 124.2, 124.1, 120.9, 120.5, 117.7, 117.4, 116.7, 112.6, 112.5, 101.0, 74.0, 60.6, 59.0, 57.0, 56.2, 56.1, 55.0, 53.3, 41.4, 39.7, 26.3, 24.8, 18.3, 15.5, 9.2.

ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₉H₄₄N₆O₆S: 724.8 Found (M+H)⁺: 725.3.

Example 21

To a solution of Int-20 (270 mg, 0.37 mmol) in dioxane (1 ml), 4.2N HCl/dioxane (3.5 ml) was added and the reaction was stirred at 23° C. for 30 mm. Then, ethyl acetate (20 ml) and H₂O (20 ml) were added and the organic layer was decanted. The aqueous phase was basified with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (60 ml) (pH=8) at 0° C. and then, extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×50 ml). The combined organic extracts were dried (sodium sulphate), and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, ethyl acetate:methanol 5:1) to afford compound Int-21 (158 mg, 82%) as a white solid.

Rf: 0.3 (ethyl acetate:methanol 1:1).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.45 (s, 1H), 6.12–6.03 (m, 1H), 5.91 (s, 1H), 5.85 (s, 1H), 5.38 (dd, J₁=1.2 Hz, J₂=17.1 Hz, 1H), 5.24 (dd, J₁=1.2 Hz, J₂=10.5 Hz, 1H), 4.23–4.09 (m, 4H), 3.98 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (bs, 1H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.36–3.02 (m, 5H), 2.72–2.71 (m, 2H), 2.48 (d, J=18.0 Hz, 1H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.22 (s, 3H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 1.85 (dd, J₁=11.7 Hz, J₂=15.6 Hz, 1H)).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 148.4, 146.7, 144.4, 142.8, 138.8, 133.8, 130.5, 128.8, 121.5, 120.8, 118.0, 117.5, 116.9, 113.6, 112.2, 101.1, 74.3, 60.7, 59.9, 58.8, 56.6, 56.5, 55.3, 44.2, 41.8, 29.7, 26.5, 25.7, 15.7, 9.4.

ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₂₉H₃₄N₄O₅: 518.3. Found (M+H)⁺: 519.2.

Example 22

To a solution of Int-21 (0.64 g, 1.22 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (6.13.5 ml), pyridine (0.104 ml, 1.28 mmol) and 2,2,2-trichioroethyl chloroformate (0.177 ml, 1.28 mmol) were added at −10° C. The mixture was stirred at this temperature for 1 h and then, the reaction was quenched by addition of 0.1N HCl (10 ml) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×10 ml). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulphate and concentrated in vacuc. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, (hexane:ethyl acetate 1:2) to afford Int-22 (0.84 g, 98%) as a white foam solid.

Rf: 0.57 (ethyl acetate:methanol 5:1).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.50 (s, 1H), 6.10–6.00 (m, 1H), 6.94 (d,J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.87 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.73 (bs, 1H), 5.37 (dq, J₁=1.5 Hz, J₂=17.1 Hz, 1H), 5.26 (dq, J₁=1.8 Hz, J₂=10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (d, J=12 Hz, 1H), 4.22–4.10 (m, 4H), 4.19 (d, J=12 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (m, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.37–3.18 (m, 5H), 3.04 (dd, J₁=8.1 Hz, J₂=18 Hz, 1H), 2.63 (d, J=18 Hz, 1H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 1.85 (dd, J₁=12.3 Hz, J₂=15.9 Hz, 1H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 154.3, 148.5, 146.7, 144.5, 142.8, 139.0, 133.8, 130.7, 128.7, 121.3, 120.8, 117.8, 117.7, 116.8, 112.7, 101.2, 77.2, 74.3, 60.7, 59.9, 57.0, 56.4, 55.3, 43.3, 41.7, 31.6, 26.4, 25.3, 22.6, 15.9, 14.1, 9.4.

ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₂H₃₅Cl₃N₄O₇: 694.17. Found (M+H)⁺: 695.2.

Example 23

To a solution of Int-22 (0.32 g, 0.46 mmol) in CH3CN (2.33 ml), diisopropylethylamine (1.62 ml, 9.34 mmol), bromomethyl methyl ether (0.57 ml, 7.0 mmol) and dimethylaminopyridine (6 mg, 0.046 mmol) were added at 0° C. The misture was heated at 30° C. for 10 h. Then, the reaction was diluted with dichloromethane (30 ml) and poured in an aqueous solution of HCl at pH=5 (10 ml). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulphate and the solvent was eliminated under reduced pressure to give a residue which was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO2 , hexane:ethyl acetate 2:1) to afford Int-23 (0.304 g, 88%) as a white foam solid.

Rf: 0.62 (hexane:ethyl acetate 1:3).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.73 (s, 1H), 6.10 (m, 1H), 5.94 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.88 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (dq, J₁=1.5 Hz, J₂=17.1 Hz, 1H), 5.26 (dq, J₁=1.8 Hz, J₂=10.2 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (s, 2H), 4.61 (d, J=12 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (d, J=12 Hz, 1H), 4.22–4.11 (m, 4H), 4.03 (m, 2H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.58 (s, 3H), 3.38–3.21 (m, 5H), 3.05 (dd, J₁=8.1 Hz, J₂=18 Hz, 1H), 2.65 (d, J=18 Hz, 1H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 1.79 (dd, J₁=12.3 Hz, J₂=15.9 Hz, 1H);

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 154.3, 148.6, 148.4, 144.5, 139.0, 133.6, 130.6, 130.1, 125.07, 124.7, 124.0, 121.1, 117.7, 112.6, 101.2, 99.2, 77.2, 74.4, 74.1, 59.8, 59.8, 57.7, 57.0, 56.8, 56.68, 55.3, 43.2, 41.5, 26.4, 25.2, 15.9, 9.3.

ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₄H₃₉Cl₃N₄O₈: 738.20. Found (M+H)⁺: 739.0.

Example 24

To a suspension of Int-23 (0.304 g, 0.41 mmol) in 90% aqueous acetic acid (4 ml), powder zinc (0.2 g, 6.17 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred for 7 hours at 23° C. The mixture was filtered through a pad of celite which was washed with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was washed with an aqueous sat. solution of sodium bicarbonate (pH=9) (15 ml) and dried over sodium sulphate. The solvent was eliminated under reduced pressure to give Int-24 (0.191 g, 83%) as a white solid.

Rf 0.3 (ethyl acetate:methanol 5:1).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.68 (s, 1H), 6.09 (m, 1H), 5.90 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.83 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (dq, J₁=1.5 Hz, J₂=17.1 Hz, 1H), 5.25 (dq, J₁=1.5 Hz, J₂=10.2 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 4.22–4.09 (m, 3H), 3.98 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (m, 1H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.57 (s, 3H), 3.37–3.17 (m, 3H), 3.07 (dd, J₁=8.1 Hz, J₂=18 Hz, 1H), 2.71 (m, 2H), 2.48 (d, J=18 Hz, 1H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 1.80 (dd, J₁=12.3 Hz, J₂=15.9 Hz, 1H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 148.5, 148.2, 144.3, 138.7, 133.7, 130.7, 129.9, 125.0, 123.9, 121.3, 117.9, 117.5, 113.6, 112.0, 101.0, 99.2, 74.0, 59.8, 59.7, 58.8, 57.6, 57.0, 56.2, 55.2, 44.2, 41.5, 31.5, 26.4, 25.6, 22.5, 16.7, 14.0, 9.2.

ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₁H₃₈N₄O₆: 562.66. Found (M+H)⁺: 563.1.

Example 25

To a solution of Int-24 (20 mg, 0.035 mmol), in H2O (0.7 ml) and THF (0.7 ml), NaNO2 (12 mg, 0.17 mmol) and 90% aqueous AcOH (0.06 ml) were added at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 3 h. After dilution with CH₂Cl₂ (5 ml), the organic layer was washed with water (1 ml), dried over sodium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, hexane:ethyl acetate 2:1) to afford Int-25 (9.8 mg, 50%) as a white solid.

Rf: 0.34 (hexane:ethyl acetate 1:1).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.71 (s, 1H), 6.11 (m, 1H), 5.92 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.87 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.42 (dq, J₁=1.5 Hz, J₂=17.1 Hz, 1H), 5.28 (dq, J₁=1.5 Hz, J₂=10.2 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (s, 2H), 4.26–4.09 (m, 3H), 4.05 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (t, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.67–3.32 (m, 4H), 3.58 (s, 3H), 3.24 (dd, J₁=2.7 Hz, J₂=15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.12 (dd, J₁=8.1 Hz, J₂=18.0 Hz, 1H), 2.51 (d, J=18 Hz, 1H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 1.83 (dd, J₁=12.3 Hz, J₂=15.9 Hz, 1H)

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 148.7, 148.4, 138.9, 133.7, 131.1, 129.4, 125.1, 123.9, 120.7, 117.6, 117.5, 113.2, 112.3, 101.1, 99.2, 74.0, 63.2, 59.8, 59.7, 57.9, 57.7, 57.0, 56.5, 55.2, 41.6, 29.6, 26.1, 25.6, 22.6, 15.7, 9.2.

ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₁H₃₇N₃O₇: 563.64. Found (M+H)⁺: 564.1.

Example 29

The starting material (2.0 g, 5.90 mmol) was added to a suspension of sodium hydride (354 mg, 8.86 mmol) in THF (40 ml) at 23° C., following the suspenion was treated with allyl chloroformate (1.135 ml, 8.25 mmol) at 23° C. and then refluxed for 3 hours. The suspension was cooled, filtered off, the solid washed with ethyl acetate (100 ml), and the filtrate was concentrated. The oil crude was ground with hexane (100 ml) and kept at 4° C. overnight. After, the solvent was decanted and the light yellow slurry was treated with CH₂Cl₂ (20 ml), and precipitated with hexane (100 ml). After 10 minutes, the solvent was decanted again. The operation was repeated until appearing a white solid. The white solid was filtered off and dried to afford compound Int-29 (1.80 g, 65%) as a white solid.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.74 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 5.71 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 4.59 (m, 1H), 4.11 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.17 (dd, J=6.0 Hz, J=2.7 Hz, 2H), 3.20 (dd, J=5.4 Hz, J=2.1 Hz, 2H).

¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 173.6, 152.7, 144.0, 139.7, 137.8, 126.0, 125.6, 123.4, 118.3, 73.4, 52.4, 45.5, 35.8, 33.7.

ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₂₀H₁₈Cl₃NO₄S: 474.8. Found (M+Na)⁺: 497.8

Example 30

A mixture of compound Int-25 (585 mg, 1.03 mmol) and compound Int-29 (1.47 mg, 3.11 mmol) were azeotroped with anhydrous toluene (3×10 ml). To a solution of Int-25 and Int-29 in anhydrous CH2Cl2 (40 ml) was added DMAP (633 mg, 5.18 mmol) and EDC HCl (994 mg, 5.18 mmol) at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 3 hours. The mixture was partitioned with saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate (50 ml) and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was washed with CH₂Cl₂ (50 ml) and the layers were separated. The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated. The crude was purified by flash column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane 1:3) to obtain Int-30 (1.00 g, 95%) as a pale cream yellow solid.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.72 (m, 2H), 7.52 (m, 2H), 7.38 (m, 2H), 7.28 (m, 2H), 6.65 (s, 1H), 6.03 (m, 1H), 5.92 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.79 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (m, 1H), 5.29 (dq, J=10.3 Hz, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 4.73 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (m, 1H), 4.36–3.96 (m, 9H), 3.89 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 3.55 (s, 3H), 3.33 (m, 1H), 3.20 (m, 2H), 2.94 (m, 3H), 2.59 (m, 1H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.83 (dd, J=16.0 Hz, J=11.9 Hz, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 169.7, 154.0, 148.8, 148.4, 145.7, 144.5, 140.9, 139.0, 133.7, 130.9, 130.6, 127.6, 127.0, 124.8, 124.6, 124.1, 120.8, 119.9, 118.2, 117.7, 117.3, 112.7, 112.1, 101.3, 99.2, 74.7, 73.9, 64.4, 59.8, 57.7, 57.0, 56.8, 55.4, 53.3, 46.7, 41.4, 36.5, 34.7, 31.5, 26.4, 24.9, 22.6, 15.7, 14.0, 9.1.

ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₅₁H₅₃Cl₃N₄O₁₀S: 1020.4. Found (M+H)⁺: 1021.2

Example 31

To a solution of Int-30 (845 mg, 0.82 mmol), acetic acid (500 mg, 8.28 mmol) and (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂ (29 mg, 0.04 mmol) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 20 ml at 23° C. was added, dropwise Bu3SnH (650 mg, 2.23 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at this temperature for 15 mm., bubbling was. The crude was quenched with water (50 ml) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×50 ml). The organic layers were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated. The crude was purified by flash column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane in gradient from 1:5 to 1:3) to obtain compound Int-31 (730 mg, 90%) as a pale cream yellow solid.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.72 (m, 2H), 7.56 (m, 2H), 7.37 (m, 2H), 7.30 (m, 2H), 6.65 (s, 1H), 5.89 (s, 1H), 5.77 (s, 1H), 5.74 (s, 1H), 5.36 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (d, J=9.0, 1H), 4.75 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (m, 1H), 4.48 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (m, 4H), 3.89 (m, 1H), 3.86, (t, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.38 (m, 1H), 3.25 (m, 1H), 3.02–2.89 (m, 4H), 2.67 (s, 1H), 2.61 (s, 1H), 2.51 (dd, J=14.3 Hz, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 1.95 (s, 3H), 1.83 (m, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 168.2, 152.5, 148.1, 146.2, 144.4, 144.3, 143.3, 139.6, 134.6, 129.7, 129.6, 126.2, 125.6, 123.4, 123.3, 121.6, 118.5, 116.3, 110.7, 110.2, 105.1, 99.4, 98.5, 75.2, 73.3, 61.7, 58.4, 57.9, 56.3, 56.1, 55.1, 54.7, 53.9, 51.9, 45.2, 40.1, 35.6, 33.3, 24.8, 23.3., 14.5, 7.3.

ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₈H₄₉Cl₃N₄O₁₀S: 980.3. Found (M+H)⁺: 981.2

Example 32

To a solution of Int-31 (310 mg, 0.32 mmol), in ahydrous CH₂Cl₂ (7 ml), via cannula, keeping the temperature at −10° C. was added a solution of benzeneseleninic anhydride 70% (165 mg., 0.32 mmol), in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (7 ml), via cannula, keeping the temperature at −10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at −10° C. for 5 mm. A saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate (30 ml) was added at this temperature. The aqueous layer was washed with more CH₂Cl₂ (40 ml). The organic layers were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated. The crude was purified by flash column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane in gradient from 1:5 to 1:1) to obtain Int-32 (287 mg, 91%, HPLC:91.3%) as a pale cream yellow solid and as a mixture of two isomers (65:35) which were used in the next step.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 6 (Mixture of isomers) 7.76 (m, 4H), 7.65 (m, 4H), 7.39 (m, 4H), 7.29 (m, 4H), 6.62 (s, 1H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 5.79–5.63 (m, 6H), 5.09 (s, 1H), 5.02 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.80–4.63 (m, 6H), 4.60 (m, 1H), 4.50 (m, 1H), 4.38 (d, J=12.8 Hz, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (dd, J=12.8 Hz, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.16–3.90 (m, 10H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.62 (s, 3H), 3.50 (s, 3H), 3.49 (s, 3H), 3.33–2.83 (m, 14H), 2.45–2.18 (m, 2H), 2.21 (s, 6H), 2.17 (s, 6H), 1.77 (s, 6H), 1.67 (m, 2H).

¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): 6 (Mixture of isomers) 168.6, 168.4, 1586, 154.8, 152.8, 152.5, 147.3, 147.2, 146.8, 144.1, 144.0, 140.8, 139.7, 137.1, 129.8, 129.3, 128.4, 128.7, 126.5, 125.5, 123.7, 123.6, 123.5, 123.4, 122.2, 121.3, 118.3, 115.8, 115.5, 110.2, 106.9, 103.5, 103.2, 100.1, 99.6, 97.9, 97.7, 93.8, 73.4, 70.9, 69.2, 64.9, 62.5, 59.3, 58.9, 58.4, 56.7, 56.3, 56.2, 55.4, 55.2, 55.1, 54.9, 54.7, 54.3, 54.1, 53.8, 52.8, 45.5, 40.5, 40.0, 39.8, 35.8, 35.5, 33.9, 33.7, 30.1, 28.8, 24.2, 24.1, 21.2, 14.5, 14.4, 12.7, 6.0, 5.7.

ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₄₈H₄₉Cl₃N₄O₁₁S: 996.3. Found (M+H)⁺: 997.2

Example 33

The reaction flask was flamed twice, purged vacuum/Argon several times and kept under Argon atmosphere for the reaction. To a solution of DMSO (39.1 ml, 0.55 mmol, 5 equivalents) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (4.5 ml) was dropwise added triflic anhydride (37.3 ml, 0.22 mmol, 2 equivalents) at −78° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 20 minutes, then a solution of Int-32 (110 mg, 0.11 mmol, HPLC:91.3%) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (1 ml, for the main addition and 0.5 ml for wash) at −78° C. was added, via cannula. During the addition the temperature was kept at −78° C. in both flasks and the colour changed from yellow to brown. The reaction mixture was stirred at −40° C. for 35 minutes. During this period of time the solution was turned from yellow to dark green. After this time, Pr₂NEt (153 ml, 0.88 mmol, 8 equivalents) was dropwise added and the reaction mixture was kept at 0° C. for 45 minutes, the colour of the solution turned to brown during this time. Then t-butanol (41.6 ml, 0.44 mmol, 4 equivalents) and 2-Butyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (132.8 ml, 0.77 mmol, 7 equivalents) were dropwise added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 40 minutes. After this time, acetic anhydride (104.3 ml, 1.10 mmol, 10 equivalents) was dropwise added and the reaction mixture was kept at 23° C. for 1 hour more. Then the reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (20 ml) and washed with aqueous saturated solution of NH₄Cl (50 ml), sodium bicarbonate (50 ml), and sodium chloride (50 ml). The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (eluent: ethyl acetate/hexane gradient from 1:3 to 1:2) to afford compound Int-33 (54 mg, 58%) as a pale yellow solid.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.85 (s, 1H), 6.09 (s, 1H), 5.99 (s, 1H), 5.20 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 1H), 5.14 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 5.03 (m, 1H), 4.82 (d, J=12.2, 1H), 4.63 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (m, 1H), 4.35–4.17 (m, 4H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.45 (m, 2H), 2.91 (m, 2H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 2.12 (m, 2H), 2.03 (s, 3H).

¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 168.5, 167.2, 152.7, 148.1, 147.1, 144.5, 139.6, 139.1, 130.5, 129.0, 123.7, 123.5, 123.3, 118.8, 116.5, 112.1, 100.6, 97.8, 73.3, 60.5, 59.4, 59.2, 58.3, 57.6, 57.4, 56.1, 53.3, 53.1, 40.6, 40.0, 31.0, 22.2, 18.9, 14.4, 8.1.

ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₆H₃₉Cl₃N₄O₁₁S: 842.1. Found (M+H)⁺: 843.1.

Example 34

To a solution of Int-33 (12 mg, 0.014 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (1.2 ml) and HPLC grade acetonitrile (1.2 ml) was added at 23° C. sodium iodide (21 mg, 0.14 mmol) and freshly distilled (over calcium hydride at atmospheric pressure) trimethylsilyl chloride (15.4 mg, 0.14 mmol). The reaction mixture turned to orange colour. After 15 min the solution was diluted with dichloromethane (10 ml) and was washed with a freshly aqueous saturated solution of Na₂S₂O₄ (3×10 ml). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated. It was obtained compound Int-34 (13 mg, quantitative) as pale yellow solid which was used without further purification.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.85 (s, 1H), 6.09 (s, 1H), 5.99 (s, 1H), 5.27 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 1H), 5.14 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 5.03 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.82 (d, J=12.2, 1H), 4.63 (d, J=13.0 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (m, 1H), 4.34 (m, 1H), 4.27 (bs, 1H), 4.18 (m, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.44 (m, 1H), 3.42 (m, 1H), 2.91 (m, 2H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H).

ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₄H₃₅N₄O₁₀S: 798.1. Found (M+H)⁺: 799.1.

Example 35

To a solution of Int-34 (13 mg, 0.016 mmol) in a mixture of acetic acid/H₂O (90:10, 1 ml) was added powder Zinc (5.3 mg, 0.081 mmol) at 23° C. The reaction mixture was heated at 70° C. for 6 h. After this time, was cooled to 23° C., diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (20 ml) and washed with aqueous saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate (15 ml) and aqueous solution of Et₃N (15 ml). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography with Silica-NH₂ (eluent:ethyl acetate/hexane gradient from 0:100 to 50:50) to afford compound Int-35 (6.8 mg, 77% for two steps) as a pale yellow solid.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.51 (s, 1H), 6.03 (dd, J=1.3 Hz, J=26.5 Hz, 2H), 5.75 (bs, 1H), 5.02 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (m, 1H), 4.25 (m, 2H), 4.18 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (dd, J=1.9 Hz, J=11.5 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.40 (m, 2H), 3.26 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (m, 2H), 2.30–2.10 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H).

¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 174.1, 168.4, 147.8, 145.4, 142.9, 140.8, 140.1, 131.7, 130.2, 129.1, 128.3, 120.4, 118.3, 117.9, 113.8, 111.7, 101.7, 61.2, 59.8, 59.2, 58.9, 54.4, 53.8, 54.4, 41.3, 41.5, 34.1, 23.6, 20.3, 15.5, 9.4.

ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C₃₁H₃₄N₄O₈S: 622.7. Found (M+H)⁺: 623.2.

Example 36

A solution of N-methylpyridine-4-carboxaldehyde iodide (378 mg, 1.5 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5.8 mL) was treated with anhydrous toluene (2×10 mL) to eliminate the amount of water by azeotropic removal of the toluene. A solution of 35 (134 mg, 0.21 mmol), previously treated with anhydrous toluene (2×10 mL), in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (distilled over CaH2, 7.2 mL) was added, via cannula, at 23° C. to this orange solution. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 4 hours. After this time DBU (32.2 L, 0.21 mmol) was dropwise added at 23° C. and it was stirred for 15 minutes at 23° C. A freshly aqueous saturated solution of oxalic acid (5.8 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and was stirred for 30 minutes at 23° C. Then the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and NaHCO3 was portionwise added followed by addition of aqueous saturated solution of NaHCO3. The mixture was extracted with Et2O. K2CO3 was added to the aqueous layer and it was extracted with Et2O. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4 and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude was purified by flash column chromatography (AcOEt/hexane from 1/3 to 1/1) to afford compound 36 (77 mg, 57%) as pale yellow solid. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 6.48 (s, 1H), 6.11 (d, J=1.3 Hz, 1H), 6.02 (d, J=1.3 Hz, 1H), 5.70 (bs, 1H), 5.09 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (bs, 1H), 4.39 (m, 1H), 4.27 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 4.16 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.54 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 2.88–2.54 (m, 3H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 3H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): 186.7, 168.5, 160.5, 147.1, 146.4, 142.9, 141.6, 140.7, 130.4, 129.8, 121.7 (2C), 120.0, 117.8, 117.1, 113.5, 102.2, 61.7, 61.4, 60.3, 59.8, 58.9, 54.6, 41.6, 36.9, 29.7, 24.1, 20.3, 15.8, 14.1, 9.6. ESI-MS m/z: Calcd. for C31H31N3O9S: 621.7. Found (M+H)+: 622.2.

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1. A compound of the formula:

wherein: the substituent groups defined by R₁, R₂ are each independently selected of H, C(═O)R′, C₁–C₁₈ alkyl, C₂–C₁₈ alkenyl, C₂–C₁₈ alkynyl, or aryl; each of the R′ groups is independently selected from the group consisting of H; OH; NO₂; NH₂; SH; CN; halogen; ═O; C(═O)H; C(═O)CH₃; CO₂H; or C₁–C₁₈ alkyl, C₂–C₁₈ alkenyl, or C₂–C₁₈ alkynyl, each of which, independently, may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, hydroxy, nitro, azido; alkanoyl, carboxamido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryloxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, carbocylic aryl having 6 or more carbons, and aralkyl; or unsubstituted aryl; X₂ is OX₁ or N(X₁)₂ wherein each X₁ is independently H, C(═O)R′ where R′ is as defined, unsubstituted C₁–C₁₈ alkyl, C₂–C₁₈ alkenyl, C₂–C₁₈ alkynyl, aryl, alkoxy, heterocyclyl, or two X₁ groups together form a cyclic substituent on the nitrogen atom, or X₁ is SO₂CH₃ when X₂ is OX₁, or N(X₁)₂ is NHCOalkylCOOH, NHbiotin, NH(aa)_(y) where aa is amino acid acyl and y is 1, 2 or 3 optionally with a amide terminal group, protected NHCOCH(NH₂)CH₂SH, NHCOalkenylaryl substituted with CF₃, or m-methoxycarbonylbenzoylNH; wherein N(X₁)₂ is not NH₂; X₃ is selected of OR₁ where R₁ is as defined, CN, (═O), or H; X₄ is —H or C₁–C₁₈ alkyl; and X₅ is selected of H, or R₁ where R₁ is as defined; with the exception of compounds 14 and 47 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,721,362.
 2. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R₁ is C(═O)R′, where R′ is H, unsubstituted alkyl, or alkyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, hydroxy, nitro, azido; alkanoyl, carboxamido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryloxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminoalkyl, carbocylic aryl having 6 or more carbons, and aralkyl.
 3. A compound according to claim 2, wherein R₁ is acetyl.
 4. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R₂ is H or methyl.
 5. A compound according to claim 4, wherein R₂ is methyl.
 6. A compound according to claim 1, wherein X₃ is OH or CN.
 7. A compound according to claim 1, wherein X₄ is H or Me.
 8. A compound according to claim 1, wherein X₅ is H or C₁–C₁₈ alkyl.
 9. A compound according to claim 8, wherein X₅ is H.
 10. A compound according to claim 1 of formula:

wherein the substituent groups R₁, R₂, X₁, X₃, X₄ and X₅ are as defined.
 11. A compound according to claim 10, wherein one X₁ is hydrogen.
 12. A compound according to claim 10, wherein N(X₁)₂ is —NHCOalkyl and may be halosubstituted on the alkyl group; —NHCOalkylCOOH; protected —NHCOCH(NH₂)CH₂SH where the NH₂ is protected with an alloc group and the SH is protected with an Fm group; —NHbiotin; —NHaryl; —NH(aa)y where aa is an amino acid acyl and y is 1, 2 or 3 and wherein any NH₂ is optionally protected with an alloc group; phthalimido formed from two X₁ groups with the adjacent nitrogen; —NH(unsubstituted alkyl); —NHCOalkenylaryl, which is optionally substituted with 3-trifluoromethyl.
 13. A compound according to claim 10, wherein N(X₁)₂ is NHAc, NHCO(CH₂)₂COOH, NHCOCH(NHAlloc)CH₂SFm, NHCO(CH₂)₁₄CH₃, NHTFA, NHCO(CH₂)₂CH₃, NHCOCH₂CH(CH₃)₂, NHCO(CH₂)₆CH₃, NHBiotin, NHCOCinn, NHCO-(p-F₃C)-Cinn, NHVal-NH₂, NHVal-N—Ac, NHVal-N—COCinn, NHVal-Ala-NH₂, NHVal-Ala-N—Ac, NHAla-NH₂, NHCOCH(NH₂)CH₂SFm, NPhth, NH—(m-CO₂Me)—Bz, NMe₂, NHVal-Ala-N—COCinn, NHAla-N—Ac, or NHAla-N—COCinn.
 14. A compound according to claim 1 of formula:

wherein the substituent groups R₁, R₂, X₁, X₃, X₄ and X₅ are as defined.
 15. A compound according to claim 14, wherein X₁ is H.
 16. A compound according to claim 14, wherein OX₁ is OH, OAc, OCOCF₃, OCOCH₂CH₂CH₃, OCO(CH₂)₆CH₃, OCO(CH₂)₁₄CH₃, OCOCH═CHPh, OSO₂CH₃.
 17. A compound of formula (XVIIb):

where R₁ and R⁴ together form a group of formula (VIa) or (VIb):

wherein the —NH₂ group in formula (VIa) is derivatised to give derivative compounds in which the —CHNH₂ group of formula VIa is replaced by a group —CHNHX₁ or —CHN(X₁)₂, in which NHX₁ and N(X₁)₂; are not NH₂: wherein each X₁ is independently: C(═O)R′ where each of the R′ groups is independently selected from the group consisting of H; OH; NO₂; NH₂; SH; CN; halogen; ═O; C(═O)H; C(═O)CH₃: CO₂H; or C₁–C₁₈ alkyl, C₂–C₁₈ alkenyl, or C₂–C₁₈ alkynyl, each of which, independently, may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, hydroxy, nitro, azido; alkanoyl, carboxamido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryloxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, carbocylic aryl having 6 or more carbons, and aralkyl; or unsubstituted aryl; or unsubstituted C₁–C₁₈ alkyl, C₂–C₁₈ alkenyl, C₂–C₁₈ alkynyl, aryl, alkoxy, heterocyclyl, or two X₁ groups together form a cyclic substituent on the nitrogen atom, or N(X₁)₂ is NHCOalkylCOOH, NHbiotin, NH(aa)_(y) where aa is amino acid acyl and y is 1, 2 or 3 optionally with a amide terminal group, protected NHCOCH(NH₂)CH₂SH, NHCOalkenylaryl substituted with CF₃, or m-methoxycarbonylbenzoylNH; R⁵ is —H; —OH; or O-acyl, wherein the acyl group is of formula —CO—R^(a), wherein R^(a) is alkyl, alkoxy, alkylene, alkenyl, arylalkyl, aryl, arylalkylene, amino acid, aromatic heterocyclyl, or partially or completely saturated heterocycyl, each optionally substituted with halo, cyano, nitro, carboxyalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocycyloxy, alkyl, amino or substituted amino; R⁷ is —OCH₃ and R⁸ is —OH or R⁷ and R⁸ together form a group —O—CH₂—O—; R^(14a) R^(14b) are both —H or one is —H and the other is —OH, —OCH₃ or —OCH₂CH₃, or R^(14a) and R^(14b) together form a keto group; and R¹⁵ is —H or —OH; R²¹ is —H, —OH or —CN; and derivatives where the group —NCH₃— at the 12-position is replaced by —NH— or —NCH₂CH₃—; and derivatives where the —OH group in the compound of formula (VIb) is derivatised to give derivative compounds where the —CHOH group of VIb is replaced by CHOX₁ where X₁ is: C(═O)R′ where each of the R′ groups is independently selected from the group consisting of H; OH; NO₂; NH₂; SH; CN; halogen; ═O; C(═O)H; C(═O)CH₃; CO₂H; or C₁–C₁₈ alkyl, C₂–C₁₈ alkenyl, C₂C₁₈ alkynyl, or aryl, each of which, independently, may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, hydroxy, nitro, azido; alkanoyl, carboxamido, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryloxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminoalkyl, carbocylic aryl having 6 or more carbons, and aralkyl; or C₁–C₁₈ alkyl, C₂–C₁₈ alkenyl, C₂–C₁₈ alkynyl, aryl, alkoxy, heterocyclyl, or X₁ is SO₂CH₃ when X₂ is OX₁; with the exception of N-acetylecteinascidin
 597. 18. A compound according to claim 17, wherein R⁵ is acyloxy of up to 4 carbon atoms.
 19. A compound according to claim 18, wherein R⁵ is acetyloxy.
 20. A compound according to claim 17, wherein R⁷ and R⁸ together form a group —O—CH₂—O—.
 21. A compound according to claim 17, wherein when R⁵ is O-acyl, the acyl group is alkanoyl, haloalkanoyl, arylalkanoyl, alkenoyl, heterocyclylacyl, or aroyl, arylaroyl, haloaroyl, or nitroaroyl.
 22. A compound according to claim 17, where R^(a) is alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxyalkyl, arylalkylene, haloalkylarylakylene, arylalkyl, alkenyl or amino acid.
 23. A compound according to claim 17, wherein R^(a)—CO— is acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, isovalerylcarbonyl, trans-3-(trifluoromethyl)cinnamoylcarbonyl, heptafluorobutyrylcarbonyl, decanoylcarbonyl, trans-cinnamoylcarbonyl, butyrylcarbonyl, 3-chloropropyonylcarbonyl, cinnamoylcarbonyl, 4-methylcinnamoylcarbonyl, hydrocinnamoylcarbonyl, trans-hexenoylcarbonyl, alanyl, arginyl, aspartyl, asparagyl, cystyl, glutamyl, glutaminyl, glycyl, histidyl, hydroxyprolyl, isoleucyl, leucyl, lysyl, methionyl, phenylalanyl, prolyl, seryl, threonyl, thyronyl, tryptophyl, tyrosyl, valyl, phthalimido or other cyclic amide.
 24. A compound according to claim 17, wherein —CO—R^(a) is derived from an amino acid and includes an amino group which itself forms an acyl derivative.
 25. A compound according to claim 24, wherein the N-acyl compound is a dipeptide which in turn can form N-acyl derivatives.
 26. A compound according to claim 17 wherein when R⁵ is O-acyl, the acyl group is an aliphatic acyl group.
 27. A compound according to claim 17 wherein R^(14a) and R^(14b) are hydrogen.
 28. A compound according to claim 17, wherein R¹⁵ is hydrogen.
 29. A compound according to claim 17 of the formula (XVIII);

wherein R¹, R⁴ and R²¹ are as defined in claim
 17. 30. A compound according to claim 1, which is in accordance with the following definitions: X₂ X₃ X₄ R₁ AcNH— OH Me Ac F₃CCONH— OH Me Ac CH₃(CH₂)₂CONH— OH Me Ac (CH₃)₂CHCH₂CONH— OH Me Ac CH₃(CH₂)₆CONH— OH Me Ac CH₃(CH₂)₁₄CONH— OH Me Ac PhCONH— OH Me Ac CinnCONH— OH Me Ac p-F₃C-CinnCONH— OH Me Ac BiotinCONH— OH Me Ac HO₂CCH₂CH₂CONH— OH Me Ac PrNH— OH Me Ac NH₂-ValNH— OH Me Ac Ac—N-ValNH— OH Me Ac CinnCO—N-ValNH— OH Me Ac NH₂-Ala-ValNH— OH Me Ac Ac—N-Ala-ValNH— OH Me Ac CinnCO—N-Ala-ValNH— OH Me Ac NH₂-AlaNH— OH Me Ac CinnCO—N-AlaNH— OH Me Ac FmSCH₂CH(NHAlloc)CONH— OH Me Ac HO— OH Me Ac AcO— OH Me Ac CH₃(CH₂)₂COO— OH Me Ac CH₃(CH₂)₆COO— OH Me Ac CH₃(CH₂)₁₄COO— OH Me Ac CinnCOO— OH Me Ac MeSO₃— OH Me Ac AcNH— CN Me Ac AcNH— CN Me H AcNH— CN H Ac F₃CCONH— CN Me Ac CH₃(CH₂)₂CONH— CN Me Ac (CH₃)₂CHCH₂CONH— CN Me Ac CH₃(CH₂)₆CONH— CN Me Ac CH₃(CH₂)₁₄CONH— CN Me Ac PhCONH— CN Me Ac CinnCONH— CN Me Ac p-F₃C-CinnCONH— CN Me Ac PhtN— CN Me Ac 2-MeO₂C—C₆H₄—CONH— CN Me Ac BiotinNH— CN Me Ac HO₂C(CH₂)₂CONH— CN Me Ac (CH₃)₂N— CN Me Ac PrNH— CN Me Ac NH₂-ValNH— CN Me Ac Ac—N-ValNH— CN Me Ac CinnCO—N-ValNH— CN Me Ac NH₂-Ala-ValNH— CN Me Ac Ac—N-Ala-ValNH— CN Me Ac CinnCO—N-Ala-ValNH— CN Me Ac NH₂-AlaNH— CN Me Ac Ac—N-AlaNH— CN Me Ac CinnCO—N-AlaNH— CN Me Ac FmSCH₂CH(NHAlloc)CONH— CN Me Ac FmSCH₂CH(NH₂)CONH— CN Me Ac Cl₃CCH₂OCONH— CN Me Ac HO— CN Me Ac AcO— CN Me Ac F₃CCOO— CN Me Ac CH₃(CH₂)₂COO— CN Me Ac CH₃(CH₂)₆COO— CN Me Ac CH₃(CH₂)₁₄COO— CN Me Ac CinnCOO— CN Me Ac MeSO₃— CN Me Ac

X₅ is H and R₂ is Me.
 31. A compound (4b) of formula:


32. A compound (4h) of formula:


33. A compound (4p) of formula:


34. The compound of claim 1, wherein the substituent groups defined by R₁, R₂ are each independently selected of H, C(═O)R′, or unsubstituted C₁–C₁₈ alkyl.
 35. The compound of claim 1, wherein the substituent groups defined by R₁, R₂ are each independently selected of C(═O)R′ or unsubstituted C₁–C₁₈ alkyl.
 36. The compound of claim 1, wherein the substituent groups defined by R₁, R₂ are each independently selected of H, C(═O)R′, unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkenyl, unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkynyl, or unsubstituted aryl.
 37. The compound of claim 1, wherein the substituent groups defined by R₁, R₂ are each independently selected of: H; C(═O)R′; or C₁–C₁₈ alkyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of OH, OR′, SH, SR′, SOR′, SO₂R′, NO₂, NH₂, NHR′, N(R′)₂, NHC(O)R′, CN, halogen, ═O, unsubstituted C₁–C₁₈ alkyl, unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkenyl, unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkynyl, unsubstituted aryl, and unsubstituted heteroaromatic.
 38. The compound of claim 1, wherein the substituent groups defined by R₁, R₂ are each independently selected of: H; C(═O)R′; C₂–C₁₈ alkenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of OH, OR′, SH, SR′, SOR′, SO₂R′, NO₂, NH₂, NHR′, N(R′)₂, NHC(O)R′, CN, halogen, ═O, unsubstituted C₁–C₁₈ alkyl, unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkenyl, unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkynyl, unsubstituted aryl, and unsubstituted heteroaromatic; or C₂–C₁₈ alkynyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of OH, OR′, SH, SR′, SOR′, SO₂R′, NO₂, NH₂, NHR′, N(R′)₂, NHC(O)R′, CN, halogen, ═O, unsubstituted C₁–C₁₈ alkyl, unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkenyl, unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkynyl, unsubstituted aryl, and unsubstituted heteroaromatic.
 39. The compound of claim 1, wherein the substituent groups defined by R₁, R₂ are each independently selected of: H; C(═O)R′; or aryl substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of OH, OR′, SH, SR′, SOR′, SO₂R′, NO₂, NH₂, NHR′, N(R′)₂, NHC(O)R′, CN, halogen, ═O, unsubstituted C₁–C₁₈ alkyl, unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkenyl, unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkynyl, unsubstituted aryl, and unsubstituted heteroaromatic.
 40. The compound of claim 1, wherein each X₁ is independently H or unsubstituted C₁–C₁₈ alkyl.
 41. The compound of claim 1, wherein each X₁ is independently H or unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkenyl, unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkynyl, unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted alkoxy, or unsubstituted heterocyclyl.
 42. The compound of claim 1, wherein each X₁ is independently H or C₂–C₁₈ alkenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of OH, OR′, SH, SR′, SOR′, SO₂R′, NO₂, NH₂, NHR′, N(R′)₂, NHC(O)R′, CN, halogen, ═O, unsubstituted C₁–C₁₈ alkyl, unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkenyl, unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkynyl, unsubstituted aryl, and unsubstituted heteroaromatic.
 43. The compound of claim 1, wherein each X₁ is independently H or C₂–C₁₈ alkynyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of OH, OR′, SH, SR′, SOR′, SO₂R′, NO₂, NH₂, NHR′, N(R′)₂, NHC(O)R′, CN, halogen, ═O, unsubstituted C₁–C₁₈ alkyl, unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkenyl, unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkynyl, unsubstituted aryl, and unsubstituted heteroaromatic.
 44. The compound of claim 1, wherein each X₁ is independently H or aryl substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of OH, OR′, SH, SR, SOR′, SO₂R′, NO₂, NH₂, NHR′, N(R′)₂, NHC(O)R′, CN, halogen, ═O, unsubstituted C₁–C₁₈ alkyl, unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkenyl, unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkynyl, unsubstituted aryl, and unsubstituted heteroaromatic.
 45. The compound of claim 1, wherein each X₁ is independently H or alkoxy substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of OH, OR′, SH, SR′, SOR′, SO₂R′, NO₂, NH₂, NHR′, N(R′)₂, NHC(O)R′, CN, halogen, ═O, unsubstituted C₁–C₁₈ alkyl, unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkenyl, unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkynyl, unsubstituted aryl, and unsubstituted heteroaromatic.
 46. The compound of claim 1, wherein each X₁ is independently H or heterocyclyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of OH, OR′, SH, SR′, SOR′, SO₂R′, NO₂, NH₂, NHR′, N(R′)₂, NHC(O)R′, CN, halogen, ═O, unsubstituted C₁–C₁₈ alkyl, unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkenyl, unsubstituted C₂–C₁₈ alkynyl, unsubstituted aryl, and unsubstituted heteroaromatic.
 47. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 1, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
 48. The composition of claim 47 further comprising one or more other drugs selected from the group consisting of taxol, paclitaxel, taxotere, docetaxel, vincristine, vinblastine, 5-fluorouracil, cytarabine, gemcitabine, pentostatin, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, ifosphamide, adriamycin, doxorubicin, pharmorubicin, epirubicin, etoposide, tamoxifen, flutamide, leuprorelin, goserelin, cyprotrone, octreotide, herceptin, cis-platin, carbonplatin, oxaliplatin, paraplatin, aplidine, or dexamethasone.
 49. A method of treating a tumor resulting from lung cancer, colon cancer or melanoma, the method comprising administering to a mammal an effective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the compound is a compound of claim
 10. 51. The method of claim 49, wherein the compound is a compound of claim
 14. 52. A method of treating a tumor resulting from lung cancer, colon cancer or melanoma, the method comprising administering to a mammal an effective amount of a compound of claim
 17. 53. The method of claim 52, wherein the compound is a compound of claim
 29. 54. The method of claim 49, wherein the compound is a compound of claim 30, 31, 32, or
 33. 55. The method of claim 49, wherein the compound is administered in combination with another drug selected from the group consisting of taxol, paclitaxel, taxotere, docetaxel, vincristine, vinblastine, 5-fluorouracil, cytarabine, gemcitabine, pentostatin, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, ifosphamide, adriamycin, doxorubicin, pharmorubicin, epirubicin, etoposide, tamoxifen, flutamide, leuprorelin, goserelin, cyprotrone, octreotide, herceptin, cis-platin, carbonplatin, oxaliplatin, paraplatin, aplidine, or dexamethasone.
 56. A method of treating leukemia, lung cancer, colon cancer or melanoma, the method comprising administering to a mammal an effective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 57. The method of claim 56, wherein the compound is a compound of claim
 10. 58. The method of claim 56, wherein the compound is a compound of claim
 14. 59. A method of treating leukemia, lung cancer, colon cancer or melanoma, the method comprising administering to a mammal an effective amount of a compound of claim
 17. 60. The method of claim 59, wherein the compound is a compound of claim
 29. 61. The method of claim 56, wherein the compound is a compound of claim 30, 31, 32, or
 33. 62. The method of claim 56, wherein the compound is administered in combination with another drug selected from the group consisting of taxol, paclitaxel, taxotere, docetaxel, vincristine, vinblastine, 5-fluorouracil, cytarabine, gemcitabine, pentostatin, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, ifosphamide, adriamycin, doxorubicin, pharmorubicin, epirubicin, etoposide, tamoxifen, flutamide, leuprorelin, goserelin, cyprotrone, octreotide, herceptin, cis-platin, carbonplatin, oxaliplatin, paraplatin, aplidine, or dexamethasone.
 63. The method of claim 56, wherein the cancer is a leukemia.
 64. The method of claim 56, wherein the cancer is lung cancer.
 65. The method of claim 56, wherein the cancer is colon cancer.
 66. The method of claim 56, wherein the cancer is a melanoma.
 67. The method of claim 52, wherein the compound is administered in combination with another drug selected from the group consisting of taxol, paclitaxel, taxotere, docetaxel, vincristine, vinblastine, 5-fluorouracil, cytarabine, gemcitabine, pentostatin, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, ifosphamide, adriamycin, doxorubicin, pharmorubicin, epirubicin, etoposide, tamoxifen, flutamide, leuprorelin, goserelin, cyprotrone, octreotide, herceptin, cis-platin, carbonplatin, oxaliplatin, paraplatin, aplidine, or dexamethasone.
 68. The method of claim 59, wherein the compound is administered in combination with another drug selected from the group consisting of taxol, paclitaxel, taxotere, docetaxel, vincristine, vinblastine, 5-fluorouracil, cytarabine, gemcitabine, pentostatin, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, ifosphamide, adriamycin, doxorubicin, pharmorubicin, epirubicin, etoposide, tamoxifen, flutamide, leuprorelin, goserelin, cyprotrone, octreotide, herceptin, cis-platin, carbonplatin, oxaliplatin, paraplatin, aplidine, or dexamethasone.
 69. The method of claims 49, 52, 56, or 59, wherein the compound is administered in combination with another drug selected from the group consisting of taxane drugs, podophylotoxins, vinca alkaloids, purine analogues, nitrogen mustards, antracycline drugs, estrogens, antiestrogens, androgens, antibody derivatives, platinum drugs, nitrosoureas, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, or didemnins.
 70. The method of claims 49, 52, 56, or 59, wherein the compound is administered in combination with another drug selected from the group consisting of microtubule modulators, antimetabolite drugs, alkylating agents, drugs which target DNA, drugs which target topoisomerases, hormones and hormone agonists or antagonists, drugs which target signal transduction in tumour cells, alkylating drugs, drugs potentially affecting metastasis of tumours, gene therapy and antisense agents, antibody therapeutics, bioactive compounds of marine origin, steroid analogues, anti-inflammatory drugs, or anti-emetic drugs. 